coli O157 rpoS mutants. Apparently, these environments require a functional RpoS general stress resistance system over the need for increased nutrient scavenging abilities. Calves inoculated with equal numbers of wild-type enterohaemorrhagic E. coli and an rpoS mutant strain shed the rpoS mutant significantly less frequently than the wild-type, indicating an important role for RpoS and the glucose-repressed

selleck chemical AR system in passage through the gastrointestinal tract of cattle (Price et al., 2000). The requirement for a functional rpoS system in the bovine gastrointestinal tract is further highlighted by the observation that bovine isolates are more resistant to adverse environmental conditions (including acid stress) than human isolates (Vanaja et al., 2010). Several studies report that RpoS negatively regulates the expression of locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)-encoded virulence genes in E. coli O157 and that consequently rpoS mutants show higher expression of virulence genes (Dong & Schellhorn, 2010). The rpoS gene function was shown to

be a disadvantage for E. coli during competitive colonization of the mouse large intestine (Krogfelt et al., 2000). Y-27632 cell line Using a mouse model it was demonstrated that E. coli O157 uses sugars that are not used by commensal E. coli to colonize the intestine (Fabich et al., 2008). Fabich et al. (2008) suggested that commensal E. coli which successfully colonized the mouse intestine are at an competitive advantage over invading E. coli O157 due to a higher substrate affinity for the sugars that are used by both strains, which would force E. coli O157 ADP ribosylation factor to use less abundant nutrients. Subsequently, E. coli O157 gains advantage by simultaneously consuming several sugars that may be available because they are not consumed by the commensal intestinal

microbiota (Fabich et al., 2008). This system could select for rpoS mutations as these mutants are characterized by increased nutrient scavenging abilities at the expense of stress-resistance (King et al., 2004). Further deletion and complementation studies ideally using in vivo systems (human and animal gut, and soil systems) should provide more insight into the role of RpoS in the adaptation of E. coli O157 to diverse environments. “
“New fast-growing and less bitter varieties of Hypsizygus marmoreus were developed by crossing monokaryotic mycelia from a commercial strain (Hm1-1) and a wild strain (Hm3-10). Six of the better tasting new strains with a shorter cultivation period were selected from 400 crosses in a large-scale cultivation experiment. We attempted to develop sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers to identify the new strain from other commercial strains.