Interventions aimed at limiting numbers of sexual partners and reducing unprotected sex typically require the building of new skills for sustaining long-term behaviour change [31]. Interventions that include HIV status

disclosure decision skills have been effective in reducing HIV risks in serodiscordant relationships and should be integrated into future interventions [32,33]. Perhaps most essential to prevention of HIV transmission by people who have HIV/AIDS is the integration of STI diagnostics and treatment into routine clinical services. Patients should also be taught how to recognize early symptoms of STIs and told that they should seek health services if they suspect STI symptoms. Early detection and aggressive treatment of STI ubiquitin-Proteasome degradation coinfections are necessary to reduce genital fluid infectiousness. Scaling up antiretroviral therapy for HIV prevention will therefore only be successful when infectiousness beliefs are reality-based and when co-occurring STIs are prevented, rapidly detected and treated. This research was supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH; grants R01-MH71164 and R01-MH82633). “
“The

PubMed database was searched under the following headings: HIV or AIDS and candidosis, drug discovery candidiasis, Candida spp, Candida albicans, non-albicans Candida, oropharyngeal candidiasis and mucosal candidiasis. Candida species selleck kinase inhibitor are common commensals in the general population and may be cultured using selective media from the oral cavity and genital tracts of up to 75% of individuals [1]. Such cultures are not clinically helpful. Oropharyngeal candidiasis is the commonest opportunistic infection to affect HIV-seropositive individuals, occurring in 80–90% of patients in the pre-HAART era [2]. Oesophageal candidiasis in the pre-HAART era was the AIDS-defining illness in 11% of cases [3]. Oral candidiasis is associated with

worsening immunodeficiency [4] and in the absence of HAART predicts the development of AIDS at a median of 25 months [5]. The most familiar clinical appearance of oral candidiasis is of easily removable curdy white plaques, underneath which lies raw or bleeding mucosa. Other presentations include an erythematous form, with patchy reddening of the mucosa, and depapillation of the dorsal surface of the tongue [6]; hyperplastic candidiasis, where there are white plaques that cannot be scraped away; and angular cheilitis with painful fissuring of the commissures. The symptoms are of pain in the tongue or surrounding structures or the presentation may be asymptomatic with just the clinical appearance of oral candidiasis. Vaginal candidiasis is common in HIV-seropositive women and presents with vaginitis with itching and curd-like exudate. Management is as for HIV-seronegative individuals [7]. Typically the patient with oesophageal candidiasis complains of dysphagia and/or odynophagia.