2). Interestingly, the UV survival curve of the infectious B. burgdorferi 297 (clone BbAH130) wild-type strain used in the present study was likely similar to that of the infectious B. burgdorferi B31 clone (5A18NP1) used by Lin et al. (2009), but was distinctly different from that reported for the infectious B. burgdorferi B31M1 strain studied by Liveris et al. (2004, 2008). The reason for this difference is at present unclear, but may be strain-related, because the Cyclopamine in vivo design of our experiments and those of Liveris and colleagues was otherwise identical. In vitro growth of B. burgdorferi uvrA inactivation mutants was

inhibited by ROS but not by RNS. Dissociation of in vitro susceptibility to ROS and RNS has been reported to occur in a M. tuberculosis uvrB mutant (Darwin & Nathan, 2005). In this case, the mutant was Y-27632 order more susceptible to RNS than the wild-type parent

but showed similar susceptibility to ROS. It was not possible to examine the in vivo function of B. burgdorferi uvrABbu because ΔuvrABbu and its derivatives, in contrast to the parental strain, lacked lp25 (Purser & Norris, 2000; Iyer et al., 2003) (data not shown) and were noninfectious. Studies are currently underway to develop an infectious uvrA inactivation mutant in order to examine its in vivo virulence. Several lines of evidence suggest that the ability of B. burgdorferi to overcome DNA damage following phagocytosis is critical to its ability to survive and produce disease in the host. Mutants of mutS and mutS-II, genes whose products are involved in DNA mismatch repair, display decreased infectivity in Celastrol immunocompetent mice (Lin et al., 2009). Furthermore, resistance of B. burgdorferi to rapid killing in vitro by phagocytes has been correlated with in vivo infectivity (Georgilis et al., 1991). Although the majority of phagocytosed borrelia are rapidly killed after ingestion, some remain viable

and cultivable (Montgomery et al., 1993), and can stimulate a phagocytic oxidative burst (Georgilis et al., 1991). Plausibly, these few viable organisms could be sufficient to initiate infection of the mammalian host. In summary, homologous recombination and extrachromosomal complementation have been used to show that uvrABbu is needed to repair DNA damage in B. burgdorferi exposed in vitro to UV, ROS and MMC but not in B. burgdorferi exposed to RNS or low pH. M.S. and L.B.I. contributed equally to this work, which was supported by grant R01 AI 048856 to F.C.C. We would like to thank Dr M. Norgard, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, for providing B. burgdorferi 297 and clone BbAH130. We also thank Dr Julia Bugrysheva for advice. Figure S1. Confirmation of DNA structure and expression of mRNA in Borrelia burgdorferi 297 and derivatives. Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting materials supplied by the authors.