From 2002 to 2008, we conducted three trials of NVAS. VITA I randomized normal birth weight neonates (≥2500 g) 1:1 to 50,000 IU vitamin A or placebo (2002–2004) [1]. VITA II randomized low birth weight neonates (<2500 g) 1:1 to 25,000 IU vitamin A or placebo (2005–2008) [2]. VITA III randomized normal birth weight neonates 1:1:1 to 50,000 IU vitamin Talazoparib molecular weight A, 25,000 IU vitamin A or placebo (2004–2007)

[3]. The trials are presented in more detail in Table 1. The Early MV trial enrolled 4.5 months old children from August 2003 to April 2007 as described in detail elsewhere [5]. Children were randomized 1:1:1 to three treatment groups: a standard dose of Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) MV at 4.5 months of age and at 9 months of age (group A); no vaccine at 4.5 months and EZ MV at 9 months of age (group B); no vaccine at 4.5 months and Schwarz MV at 9 months

of age (group C). All children were enrolled and randomized at 4.5 months of age. It was a condition for entering the trial that the children had received the third dose of DTP (DTP3) at least four weeks before enrollment; click here hence, children in groups B and C had DTP3 as their most recent vaccination between 4.5 and 8 months of age. Children in groups B and C who received MV at 9 months of age were randomized to an additional MV or no additional MV at 18 months of age. We found no differences between groups B and C, and hence the two groups have been combined [5]. The also vitamin A trials had mortality by 12 months of age as main outcome; the early MV trial had mortality by 3 years of age as main outcome. In the present reanalysis we studied the effect of NVAS versus placebo between 4.5 and 8 months of age, when the children had early MV or DTP3 as their most recent vaccine, and from 9 to 17 months, when the children according to the protocol had two doses of MV or one dose of MV as their most recent vaccine. Follow-up was censored at age 18 months when children in the one-dose MV group were randomized to a booster

dose of MV or no booster and many children received booster DTP. The trials were registered at clinicaltrials.gov (VITA I: NCT00168597; VITA II and III: NCT00168610; Early MV trial: NCT00168558). All trials were approved by the Research Coordination and Ethical Committee of the Ministry of Health in Guinea-Bissau and the Danish Central Ethical Committee gave its consultative approval. All analyses were done using Stata 12.1 (StataCorp, College Station, TX). Characteristics at enrollment into the early MV trial were compared using chi-square test (categorical variables), t-test (normally distributed continuous variables), and Kruskall–Wallis test (non-normally distributed continuous variables). We compared mortality rates (MR) between NVAS and placebo recipients within strata of early and no early MV in Cox proportional hazards models with age as the underlying time variable. Hence, age was inherently adjusted for.