Thus, a more detailed understanding of the mechanism by which TNFR2 affects the survival of CD8+ T cells

is useful for devising more effective therapies against cancer and autoimmune diseases. B6 and B6.TNFR2−/− mice were obtained from The Jackson Laboratory. Mice of 6–10 weeks of age were used for the experiments. Animal studies were performed according to guidelines established by the Canadian Council of Animal Care and approved by our institutional review board. CD8+ T cells from the lymph nodes of WT and TNFR2−/− mice were purified using miniMACS microbeads Ibrutinib concentration (Miltenyi Biotec) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. After purification the cells were stained with anti-CD8 conjugated FITC (eBioscience). FACS analysis of the purified cells indicated that the purified cells were>95% CD8+ (Supporting Information Fig. 1). The purified CD8+ T cells

were cultured at 37°C and 5% CO2 in Iscove’s DMEM (Invitrogen Life Technologies) supplemented with 10% FBS (Invitrogen Life Technologies), 5×10−5 M 2-mercaptoethanol (Sigma), and antibiotics (Invitrogen Life Technologies). Purified CD8+ T cells were cultured with 10 μg/mL Deforolimus supplier plate-bound anti-CD3 (2C11) and 20 U/mL IL-2 for 48 h in 96-well flat-bottom plates. Purified CD8+ T cells were incubated with 10 μg/mL plate-bound anti-CD3 and 20 U/mL IL-2 in a 96-well flat-bottom plate for 48 h. The cells were then restimulated with 10 μg/mL anti-CD3 and 20 U/mL IL-2 for another 24 h. In some experiments, anti-TNF-α (R&D Systems), anti-TNFR2 (Biolegend) or control antibodies (purified Armenian hamster IgG from eBioscience) were added during the 24 h restimulation period. At the end of this BCKDHB 24-h culture period, the cells were harvested and stained with 7-AAD (Invitrogen Life Technologies) and annexin V (BD Biosciences Pharmingen) following the manufacturer’s protocols and subsequently analyzed by FACS.

Proliferation assay was performed by incubating 5×105 purified CD8+ T cells with 10 μg/mL plate-bound anti-CD3. Cells were cultured in triplicate in a volume of 0.2 mL in 96-well flat-bottom plate, and 1 μCi [3H]-thymidine (PerkinElmer) was added for the last 8 h of the 48-h culture period. In some experiments anti-TNF-α or anti-TNFR2 antibodies were added to the cultures. Purified CD8+ T cells were cultured with 10 μg/mL plate-bound anti-CD3 and 20 U/mL IL-2 for 48 h. The activated CD8+ T cells were then stimulated with 10 ng/mL TNF-α (R&D Systems) for the indicated time period. Cell lysates were prepared with lysis buffer (150 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, 1% TritonX-100) supplemented with protease inhibitors (Roche Diagnostics) for 30 min on ice. Protein quantification was determined by DC protein assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories). Thirty microgram of total cell lysates were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred onto PVDF membranes (Millipore). After blocking the filters with TBS containing 0.