The purity of our isolation protocol was verified by immunoblot with nuclear lamin and cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (Figure 4B). A representative immunoblot of the galectin-3 distribution in nuclear and cytosolic fractions is depicted in Figure 4C. In six out of nine patients we observed an obvious accumulation of galectin-3 in the nuclei of tumor cells (Figure 4D). This suggests that in the majority of CCRCC

tumors analyzed, the cells enhance galectin-3 levels and concurrently recruit predominant amounts of this lectin into the nucleus. Such an increase in nuclear translocation points to a change in the balance of nuclear import/export. 4. Conclusions Changes selleck chemicals llc in the expression of galectin-3 are heterogeneous and depend on tumor origin as well as on the tissue affected [24]. Moreover, even if we focus on published data of CCRCC tumor patients the spectrum reaches from an increase in galectin-3 levels in tumors [8, 9, 11, 12] to reduced amounts of the lectin following tumorigenesis [10]. In our study we used normalized immunoblots in combination LY2606368 in vivo with immunofluorescence microscopy.

Even if one considers the relatively low number of samples analyzed, our data revealed a significant reduction of E-cadherin, a classical marker known to be reduced in CCRCC [25], which can be regarded as a positive study control. However, in conjunction with data received from a microarray analysis [9] the expression pattern of galectin-3 in CCRCC is heterogeneous. A decrease in galectin-3 was observed in about Elongation factor 2 kinase 20% of the tumors. Nevertheless, the intensive galectin-3 labeling in the majority of samples and the strong expression in RCC-FG1 cells suggests that this lectin is involved in cancer progression and cellular differentiation. In this context, it is possibly clinically significant that in agreement with the data of Sakaki

et al. [8] we observed a reduced tendency of metastasis in patients with low galectin-3. This can be explained by previous studies, which showed that gal-3 expression is correlated with cell motility in several cancers, and suggested that gal-3 inhibited cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions [26, 27]. In pancreatic cancer, this is linked to Akt-regulation by galectin-3, which in turn modulates GSK-3β phosphorylation and β-catenin degradation by suppression of the β-catenin/Wnt signaling pathway [20]. For renal cell carcinoma a putative involvement of galectin-3 in this pathway is evidenced by reduced β-catenin levels detected in this as well as in prior studies [17]. Histologically, the observed mosaic pattern of galectin-3 expression in the collecting duct is in agreement with the description of the lectin in α-intercalated cells in adult kidneys [28]. This would also explain the diminished appearance of galectin-3 in aquaporin-2-positive capital cells [21].