Patients with hematuria had significantly lower renal function, and the prevalences of nephrotic syndrome and retinopathy were significantly higher than in patients without hematuria. Interestingly, based on a logistic Emricasan cost regression analysis, the presence of nephrotic syndrome and a known duration of diabetes were identified as significant predictors for hematuria with diabetic nephropathy. Concluding remarks and future directions Deep insights into the onset and progression of albuminuria along with GFR may elucidate the pathogenesis of progressive kidney complications and associated cardiovascular diseases. Further studies of the clinical characteristics and the pathological findings
of kidney involvement in patients with diabetes are required for a better understanding of diabetic nephropathy and the benefits of therapy for it. Acknowledgments This study was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Diabetic Nephropathy Research from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. References 1. Nakai S, Suzuki K, Masakane I, Wada A, Itami N, Ogata S, et al. Overview of regular dialysis treatment in Japan (as of 31 December 2008). Ther Apher Dial. 2010;14:505–40.PubMedCrossRef 2. Nakayama M, Sato T, Sato H, Yamaguchi Y, Obara K, Kurihara I, et al. Different
clinical outcomes for cardiovascular events and mortality in chronic kidney disease according to underlying XAV-939 concentration renal disease: the Gonryo study. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2010;14:333–9.PubMedCrossRef 3. Foley RN, Culleton BF, Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, Kent GM, Murray DC, et al. Cardiac diseases in diabetic end-stage renal disease. Diabetologia. 1997;40:1307–12.PubMedCrossRef 4. Saito Y, Kida H, Takeda S, Yoshimura M, Yokoyama H, Koshino Y, et al. Mesangiolysis Evodiamine in diabetic glomeruli: its role in the formation of nodular lesions.
Kidney Int. 1988;34:389–96.PubMedCrossRef 5. Wada T, Furuichi K, Sakai N, Iwata Y, Yoshimoto K, Shimizu M, et al. Up-regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in tubulointerstitial lesions in human diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2000;58:1492–9.PubMedCrossRef 6. Furuichi K, Hisada Y, Shimizu M, Okumura T, Kitagawa K, Yoshimoto K et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and membrane-type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP) affect the remodeling of glomerulosclerosis in diabetic OLETF rat. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011 (Epub ahead of print). 7. Parving HH. Diabetic nephropathy: prevention and treatment. Kidney Int. 2001;60:2041–55.PubMedCrossRef 8. Mogensen CE, Christensen CK, Vittinghus E. The stages in diabetic renal disease. With emphasis on the stage of incipient diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes. 1983;32(Suppl 2):64–78.PubMed 9. Shigeta Y, Kikkawa R. Diabetic nephropathy in Japan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1994;24(Suppl):S191–7.PubMedCrossRef 10. Guideline Committee of the Japan Diabetes Society.