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“Background Due to the frequent osmolarity changes in their habitat, microorganisms have developed Montelukast Sodium a number of osmoadaptation mechanisms to adapt to these fluctuations [1, 2]. In most bacteria, the long-term

response to hyperosmotic conditions involves the intracellular accumulation of large quantities of small, specific organic osmolytes called compatible solutes since they do not interfere with the normal functioning of the cell [3]. It has been demonstrated that compatible solutes have the ability to protect enzymes and whole cells against different stresses such as those caused by salt, heating, freezing and desiccation [3, 4]. Thus, they are considered as biostabilizers. It is commonly accepted that uptake of exogenous compatible solutes (osmoprotectants) is preferred over their synthesis de novo, as it is energetically less costly [5]. On the other hand, hypoosmotic stress leads to opening of mechanosensitive channels, which function as emergence valves leading to rapid efflux of compatible solutes thereby lowering the osmotic driving force for water entry [6]. Besides their role as stress protectants, some compatible solutes can be used as carbon, energy or nitrogen sources.