In 2006, in the unified nation, 1200 certified neurosurgeons in 138 hospital departments and

75 private practices served 82 million people. Since its founding in 1949, the German Neurosurgical Society has promoted the idea of reconciliation and has focused on international collaboration in both science and education. This idea, shared by other European nations, eventually gave rise to the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies. At present, escalating costs in the find more health sector pose a problem to neurosurgical services and have led to reconsiderations about their structure and financing.”
“Oncogenic mutations in JAK2 and MPL genes have recently been identified in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). In addition to these mutations, cytogenetic aberrations are frequently present at diagnosis but their role in the pathogenesis remains unclear. Two models of MPN pathogenesis have recently emerged based on either a single-hit or a multi-hit concept. The first model proposes that the acquisition of JAK2 mutations is the disease-initiating event, causing both the onset of disease phenotype and selleck chemicals llc establishment of clonal hematopoiesis. The second model postulates the existence of ‘pre-JAK2′ mutations that establish clonal hematopoiesis before

acquisition of JAK2 mutations and onset of disease phenotype. In this review, the two models have been critically evaluated in the context of the latest findings. At present, neither Batimastat ic50 of the two models can be universally applied to all MPN patients due to their genetic heterogeneity. It is likely that the disease pathogenesis in some patients follows the first, and in other patients, the second model. Thus, the somatic mutations in MPN do not seem to be acquired in a predetermined order as seen in other malignancies, but occur randomly. Furthermore, the role of uniparental disomy in MPN and certain aspects of MPN therapy are discussed.”
“OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE: In rare cases, posterior fossa meningiomas can involve

the endolymphatic sac. Such involvement can result in endolymphatic hydrops and a constellation of symptoms suggestive of Meniere’s disease. The diagnosis and management of patients with these tumors is discussed.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Three patients, each of whom presented with symptoms consistent with Meniere’s disease, were found to have posterior fossa meningiomas limited to the dura overlying the endolymphatic sac.

INTERVENTION: All 3 patients were diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging and underwent complete surgical resection. in all cases, the symptoms resolved after tumor removal.

CONCLUSION: Clinicians should have a degree of suspicion of posterior fossa meningioma when patients present with symptoms suggestive of Meniere’s disease. Failure to do so may result in delayed diagnosis or worse outcomes for an otherwise treatable tumor.