85 and 86 Additionally, the evaluation of players’ physical performance can assist coaches in several

aspects, such as in the identification of individual physical strengths Autophagy inhibitor and weaknesses, evaluation of the effectiveness of a specific training program, setting individual and team physical fitness standards, talent identification and development.9 and 87 Recent publications have reported on commonly used measures of physiological and physical attributes of female football players of various groups (Table 2). The mean values shown in this table for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), performance in Yo–Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIR1), maximum heart rate (HRmax), 30 m sprint time, and counter-movement jump or vertical jump (CMJ/VJ) vary according to the players’ nationality, competitive level, and positional role. On average, these players achieved VO2max values that ranged from 45.1 to 55.5 mL/kg/min, YYIR1 scores of 780–1379 m, HRmax values of 189–202 bpm, 30 m sprint times of 4.34–4.96 s, and CMJ/VJ results of 28–50 cm (Table 2). The type of measurement methods used may also account for the discrepancies among the reported values. Due to the worldwide Cyclopamine order increased popularity and participation numbers in women’s football, many coaches that previously

only coached male players are now coaching female players as well. When coaching female players these coaches try to use the same physical training loads they used with the men without considering the specific characteristics of female players commonly due to lack of knowledge in this area. Therefore, experienced and novice coaches who are

now working in women’s football need to be aware of the main physical and physiological differences that exist between the genders. These differences start becoming more significant at the onset of puberty (∼12–14 years of age) depending on individual and sex-specific maturation rates.88 Before this time period the physical Parvulin differences between men and women are small and females may have a slight advantage for a short period of time because they usually experience their growth spurt and sexual maturation on average 2 years earlier than males.88 Once males enter into puberty and their testosterone levels start to increase, the gender physical differences lean to their favor. Thus, it is well known that in general females are lighter, shorter, have a lower muscle mass, and more essential sex-specific fat mass than their male counterparts due to inherent biological factors that result in lower absolute physical capacities (e.g., aerobic endurance, muscular strength, power, speed, and agility) for the average woman compared to the average man.