In addition, neuraminidase inhibitors were not recommended to pregnant women in Sweden during the study period, and the NNV might have been even higher had they been used at the time [30] and [31]. Our subanalysis by trimester differed from others who found an increasing hospitalization rate by trimester [17]. This might be due to differences in context, less observations

in our study, or because we included fewer ICD codes which may have more impact on the third trimester when doctors may be more prone to admit pregnant patients. Our mean NNV is higher than the NNV assessments from USA and Canada of 500 [17] and 750–900 [18], respectively. In Europe the evaluations of NNV have tended to be higher than the USA estimate. However, the European Modulators estimates are diverging. The Netherlands has assessed that at least 1,500 pregnant FRAX597 women without risk-conditions need to be vaccinated to avoid one

hospitalization [32], a result more similar to our estimate of >1,900. On the other hand, based on results from a UK study [19], we calculated an click here NNV of 962 assuming 80% VE and a hospitalization rate of approximately 13 hospitalizations per 10,000 women. Sweden and the UK had similar life expectancy among women [33], total fertility rate [34] and mean age of childbearing [34], in 2005–2010, but there are differences with regard to the study designs and the populations which might help explain the disparity in the results. First, unlike our study, the UK study included all ICD codes between J0–J4, but on the other hand excluded women belonging to a risk group. The exclusion of risk groups probably had a larger impact on the hospitalization rate than the inclusion of more diagnoses. Had the UK study included the risk groups as we did, that would have

increased the hospitalization rate and further decreased the NNV, therefore not explaining the differences observed. CYTH4 Second, although Sweden had a higher overall hospital discharge rate, 163 vs. 138 per 1,000 persons [35], the hospital discharge rate for respiratory disease was higher for the UK, 11.8 vs. 10.2 per 1,000 inhabitants [36]. These differences in discharge rates could support the theory that the NNV results differ because the UK pregnant women suffer from more severe respiratory disease or that these diagnoses more readily result in hospital admission in the UK than in Sweden. These data point to the importance for future studies to identify the reasons behind different national NNV estimates. It also illustrates the need to determine absolute hospitalization rates in the actual target population, since these are context dependent and can be cumbersome to recalibrate to other settings. Seasonal influenza vaccine is regarded as safe for pregnant women [37].