In Kif3a CKO embryos, the leading processes of Kif3a−/− MGE cells oriented parallel to each other, and sometimes fasciculated on each other (white arrow heads in Figure 7G). Similarly, cultured Kif3a−/− MGE cells aggregated in small clusters or fasciculated on each other in vitro ( Figures S7D–S7E2). They failed to reorient on a parallel array of cortical axons, in contrast to wild-type MGE cells ( Figures S7F1–S7G). Altogether, these results show that abnormal IFT alters the capacity of MGE cells to select a novel direction of migration by impairing dynamic reorganizations of the leading process but minimally interferes www.selleckchem.com/products/incb28060.html with nuclear motility (Figures

6C3 and S6C). Abnormal leading process dynamics is moreover associated to abnormal interactions between MGE cells. Functional IFT is required for the normal processing of Shh signals in the primary cilium (Huangfu et al., 2003; Louvi and Grove, 2011). To confirm that the abnormal migratory behavior of MGE cells invalidated for Kif3a or Ift88 resulted from abnormal processing of Shh signals in the Ptch-Smo

GW-572016 research buy pathway, we examined the influence of agonists and antagonist on the distribution of wild-type MGE cells grafted in cortical slices ( Figures 8A1–8C). In cyclopamine treated slices, wild-type MGE cells distributed in a narrow and deep stream tangential to the CP and oriented parallel to each other ( Figures 8A2, 8A3, and 8B), mimicking the behavior of Kif3a

or Ift88 invalidated MGE cells ( Figure 7). In Shh and SAG treated slices in contrast, MGE cells largely scattered and reoriented radially toward the CP ( Figures 8A2, 8A3, and 8B). Shh signals thus favored MGE cell exit from the deep tangential migratory stream. MGE cell response to Shh was IFT dependent since neither cyclopamine nor Shh application modulated the density of Kif3a−/− MGE cells in the CP of organotypic slices from Kif3a CKOs embryos ( Figure 8F). Both cyclopamine and Shh increased the proportion of MGE cells with branched leading processes in grafted slices (Figure 8C). The Shh phenotype involves a Ptch-Smo dependent signaling mechanism since it was reversed by Ift88 invalidation before ( Figure 8C, compare black, green and light green bars). Perturbations of the Shh signaling pathway altered the directionality of MGE cells, the time life of their processes, but not their migration speed (Figures 8D1–8D3, S8A, and S8B and Movies S7 and S8). Careful examination of movies showed that Shh stabilized the trailing processes and associated to numerous polarity reversals whereas cyclopamine increased the time life of the leading process. Accordingly, cyclopamine increased the time life of the rostral swelling that comprises the CTR/GA complex whereas Shh did the opposite (Figures S8C–S8F). These results agree with morphological changes of MGE cells described above (Figure 3E). Using immunostaining, Komada et al.