In addition, both hypoxia and pharmacological inhibition of HO-2 evoke H2S generation. Because HO-2 requires molecular Selleck INK1197 O2 for its activity, it has been proposed that stimulated action of the carotid body by hypoxia reflects reduced formation of CO which stimulates the BK channel; thus, HO-2 functions as an O2 sensor (Prabhakar et al., 1995 and Williams

et al., 2004). Authors, thus, proposed that H2S mediates O2 sensing in the carotid body via the interaction of HO-2/CO and CSE/H2S systems. Since CSE does not possess a prosthetic heme, a gas sensor described in Section 2, molecular mechanism by which CSE senses CO, and regulation of its activity remain to be answered. The rodent brain generates a substantial amount of CO (∼5 to 10 μM) (Vreman PLX4032 supplier et al., 2005) via HO-catalyzed reactions using O2 as a substrate where HO-2 accounts for ∼80% of the total rodent brain HO activity ( Ishikawa et al., 2005). Although it has been known that CO regulates neuronal transmission ( Verma et al., 1993), physiologic roles of CO in the central nervous system (CNS) remain elusive.

Recently Morikawa et al. (2012) reported that the coordinate actions of HO-2 and CBS form a signaling system that mediates hypoxia-induced arteriolar vasodilation. Since the brain is the most susceptible organ to O2 deprivation, this adaptive response is critical for delivery of O2 and cellular transport of glucose in brain tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis in the mouse brain reveals expression of HO-2 in neurons and endothelial cells, whereas CBS is expressed predominantly in astrocytes (Fig. 3A and B). In this study hypoxia gives rise to cerebral vasodilation by inhibiting

HO-2, which turns out to function Urease as an O2 sensor in the CNS. This notion of HO-2 as an O2 sensor is supported by a Km value of ∼15 μM (∼11 mmHg) of recombinant mouse HO-2 for O2in vitro, a suitable Km value for an O2 sensor to respond to changes in the brain tissue O2 concentration ( Ndubuizu and LaManna, 2007). As CO physiologically inhibits CBS (see Section 2), the enzyme that forms H2S, hypoxia reduces the constitutive inhibition of CBS by CO so that increased levels of H2S are formed which mediate rapid vasodilation of small arterioles ( Fig. 3). Such hypoxia-induced vasodilation of arterioles is attenuated in HO-2-null mice and completely lost in CBS-null mice, but well maintained in CSE-null mice (Fig. 5B), providing compelling evidence for the role of CBS in this mechanism. The observation appears to contradict with the role of CSE of glomus cells in the carotid body. However, the close examination of enzyme distribution may explain this discrepancy. CSE is absent in the cerebral cortex where the vascular response was examined, and is limited to vascular smooth muscle cells surrounding large vessels in the subarachnoid space.