05). We then acutely deleted FXR2 in NPCs in the DG of the adult WT mice using retrovirus signaling pathway that only infected dividing cells ( Liu et al., 2010 and Smrt et al., 2010) ( Figures S3E–S3H). Viral infection resulted in increased proliferation ( Figures S3I–S3M) and increased neuronal differentiation ( Figure S3N). Therefore, acute knockdown of FXR2 in adult NPCs results in phenotypes similar to those we observed in Fxr2 KO NPCs, both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our results provide further evidence that FXR2 plays a role in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of NPCs specifically in the adult

DG. To determine how FXR2 regulates NPCs in the DG, we first used real-time PCR-based neural stem cell pathway arrays to identify genes that exhibited altered expression levels in Fxr2 KO DG-NPCs relative to WT cells ( Figure S4A). Among the genes with >2-fold changes in Fxr2 KO DG-NPCs ( Figure S4B), we selected Shh (sonic hedgehog), Epacadostat clinical trial Notch2 (Notch gene homolog 2), Sox3 (SRY-box containing gene 3), and Noggin

for further analyses, due to their well-known functions in NPCs ( Lim et al., 2000, Ninkovic and Gotz, 2007, Palma et al., 2005, Solecki et al., 2001 and Wang et al., 2006). The up-regulation of Noggin in Fxr2 KO DG-NPCs was particularly interesting, because Noggin has been shown to promote the self-renewal of DG-NPCs, but not SVZ-NPCs ( Bonaguidi et al., 2008). FXR2 is known to bind mRNAs and regulate protein translation (Darnell et al., 2009 and Kirkpatrick et al., 2001). Using immunoprecipitation of FXR2 and its bound RNAs (RNA-IP), we confirmed that FXR2 bound to Noggin mRNA ( Figures 5A and 5B) but not to Shh, Notch2, or Sox3 mRNAs ( Figure S4C). In addition, biotin-labeled synthetic Noggin mRNA indeed bound FXR2 protein in NSC protein lysate, whereas an antisense control RNA did not ( Figure 5C).

Furthermore, on separately isolated DG-NPCs, we confirmed that Noggin mRNA levels were elevated in the Fxr2 KO DG-NPCs ( Figure 5D). The Rebamipide increased Noggin mRNA levels could be due to either increased gene transcription or increased mRNA stability. We treated WT and KO NPCs with actinomycin D to inhibit gene transcription and found that Noggin mRNA had a longer half-life in Fxr2 KO DG-NPCs than in WT cells ( Figure 5E; n = 3), while the half-life of Notch2, Shh, and Sox3 mRNA showed no significant difference ( Figures S4D–S4F). We then manipulated FXR2 levels in WT and Fxr2 KO DG-NPCs and found that acute knockdown of FXR2 in WT NPCs resulted in a longer half-life of Noggin mRNA, while exogenous FXR2 reduced the Noggin mRNA half-life in Fxr2 KO DG-NPCs ( Figure 5E). Therefore, FXR2 expression levels directly affect the stability of Noggin mRNA in DG-NPCs.