1 × 2.5 mm). Collagen deposition and vWF+ blood vessels were assessed in the soft tissue next to the bone surface (AOI, 0.4 × 2.5 mm). All histomorphometric analyses were performed using Image-Pro (Media Cyberrnetics, Bethesda, MD). Statistics Statistical analysis was conducted with SYSTAT 12 (Systat Software, Chicago, IL) and InStat (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). Analysis of variance was MAPK inhibitor performed for multiple groups with a Tukey’s post hoc test. For comparisons within the group,

paired t test was conducted. The PTH effect on the mucosal wound closure was assessed using Fisher’s exact test. An α-level of 0.05 was used for statistical significance. Results are presented as mean ± SEM unless specified. Results PTH actions Vorinostat in intact tibiae were greatest in rats treated with ALN/DEX Bone volume and bone mineral density (BMD) in the intact AP26113 price tibial metaphysis were significantly higher in the ALN/DEX treatment groups vs. vehicle control (Fig. 2a–f). PTH following ALN/DEX showed a non-significant trend toward higher bone volume and BMD versus ALN/DEX-VC. PTH had little bone anabolic effect in the group without the ALN/DEX treatment. However, trabecular thickness was significantly higher

in the VC-PTH vs. control (Fig. 2d). Interestingly, the bone anabolic effect of PTH was more pronounced after ALN/DEX than after VC treatment in the intact tibial metaphysis (Fig. 2g). Fig. 2 Treatment effect on undisturbed

bone. a Representative longitudinal and cross-sectional images of the undisturbed tibiae. The ALN/DEX treatment resulted in significantly higher bone mass (b), trabecular numbers (c), BMD (f), and lower trabecular separation (e) compared with the VC treatment groups. PTH for 2 weeks significantly increased trabecular thickness regardless of the treatment (d). A nonsignificant increase by PTH was noted in bone mass (b) and BMD (f) in the ALN/DEX treatment group. When the bone mass increase by PTH was compared between the ALN/DEX and VC treatment groups, a significantly greater increase was noted in the ALN/DEX treatment group (g). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 versus control (VC-VC) PTH actions in wounded tibiae were blunted in rats treated with ALN/DEX In the tibial wounds, bone fill and BMD were significantly higher in the ALN/DEX treatment groups vs. vehicle control Gefitinib ic50 (Fig. 3a–f). PTH significantly enhanced bone fill, trabecular thickness, and BMD regardless of the presence or absence of the ALN/DEX treatment. The PTH effect observed in wounded controls was very different from that observed in the intact tibiae (Figs. 3b vs. 2b). The bone anabolic effect of PTH was significantly more robust after the VC than after ALN/DEX treatment (Fig. 3g), suggesting that the ALN/DEX treatment had a restrictive impact on the PTH anabolic effect in the tibial osseous wounds. Fig. 3 Treatment effect on the tibial defects.