17 Briefly, total RNA from the cell lines (1 μg) was reverse transcribed using SuperScript III reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen)

and oligodT primers or random hexamers for tissue samples. (For primers and real-time PCR conditions, see Supporting Table 5.) Reaction products were characterized by melting point analysis and relative quantification with efficiency correction (LightCycler Software 4, Roche Diagnostics). Mean normalized ratios were determined for each sample, using HPRT1, TBP, and ACTB as reference genes. For purification of miRNA from FFPE tissue sections we used the miRNeasy FFPE Kit according mTOR inhibitor to the manufacturers’ instructions (Qiagen). miRNAs were isolated from fresh-frozen tissues using Trizol (Invitrogen). For FFPE tissues, cDNA was synthesized using miScript Reverse Transcription kit (Qiagen), and real-time

quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed using miScript SYBR Green PCR kit and specific human miScript assays for hsa-miR-183 and hsa-miR-186 (Qiagen) in an ABI-Prism 7300 Real-time PCR system (Applied Biosystems, Darmstadt, Germany). RNU6B was used as endogenous reference RNA. Human miR-183 and miR-186 were cloned into the pCMX-PL1 expression plasmid by PCR amplification of ±100 bp of the pre-miRNA sequence as annotated in the UCSC, hg18. The conserved 3′end of the AKAP12 3′-untranslated region (3′UTR) was cloned by insertion of hybridized oligonucleotides (120 bp) into the 3′end

selleck products of the Firefly luciferase gene in the pMirReport plasmid (Ambion, Austin, TX). AKAP12 UTR/miRNA interactions were performed by expression in HEK293T cells Selleckchem TSA HDAC using a TK-Renilla plasmid (Promega, Madison, WI) as a transfection control. Regulation of endogenous AKAP12 mRNA was determined by overexpression of miRNAs followed by RNA isolation using Trizol; cDNA synthesis, and qPCR as described. Data are presented as mean values ± SD. The Spearman rank coefficient was used as a statistical measure of association. For TMA correlation analysis, r > 0.3 and P < 0.001 were considered as biologically relevant. To account for multiple testing (TMA-data), the α-level was adjusted according to Bonferroni. The statistical comparison between two groups was accomplished with the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test (SPSS version 11). A previous study of our group demonstrated losses of genomic material coding for the AKAP12 gene locus in 36% of human HCCs.10 As data about AKAP12 expression in the process of human hepatocarcinogenesis are scarce, we aimed to define alterations of AKAP12 protein levels in hepatocarcinogenesis. We detected AKAP12 expression by immunohistochemistry using TMAs containing a total number of 388 human liver tissue samples, including NL, CL, DN, and HCC. Immunohistochemistry showed a strong cytoplasmic staining pattern in hepatocytes, with a partly granular, partly homogeneous appearance (Fig. 2A).