, 2004 and Bruce et al., 2005). Based on our findings, we present a new model that could explain the radiation of orbweb spiders. We chose Zosis geniculata (Olivier, 1789; Uloboridae) and Metazygia rogenhoferi (Keyserling, 1878; Araneidae) as representatives of the cribellate and ecribellate orb weavers, respectively.

The choice was based on several criteria that enhance comparability between these species. For example, they have a similar adult body size and overall shape, they spin similar-sized orb webs ( Fig. 1), both species do not show univoltine life cycle and their families are at the base of the sister clades Deinopoidea (cribellate) and Araneoidea (ecribellate), thus minimizing the effects of these characteristics on the variables being analyzed. Furthermore, in order to control for sexual dimorphism and ontogeny we analyzed INK 128 solubility dmso only adult females. We analyzed ten individuals of M. rogenhoferi and twenty individuals of Z. geniculata. Specimens from both species were collected in the city of São Paulo. Adult females were brought to the lab and kept inside individual acrylic boxes (31 cm × 31 cm × 12 cm) selleck in a room with a 12:12 light cycle and small temperature (24–26 °C) and humidity (76–81% UR) variation. Many M. rogenhoferi

specimens died in the first week at the laboratory due to nematoid or fungus parasitism. After this first week precaution period (to exclude parasitized individuals), spiders were not fed for at least three days prior to measurement of oxygen consumption. All spiders were weighted before respirometric measurements. The weight was used to model the allometric parameter in the statistical analysis. We used a flow-through intermittent setup. Spiders were inserted into a cylinder shaped test chamber (80 mL) plugged at both ends with three-way valves and partially covered with humidified filter paper to 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase maintain air humidity and to allow the spiders to acquire resting posture. The chambers with spiders were maintained at 25 °C of temperature along all the measurement. The spiders were initially given 1 h to achieve rest condition.

After this first hour, the chamber was purged with outdoor air and then left closed for 4 h. After this period, the air was drawn from the chambers for 4 min, and passed through carbon dioxide and water absorbers before going into the PA-1 oxygen analyzer (Sable Systems Inc.). The air flow used was 150 mL/min and did not seem to disturb spiders. Oxygen depletion between the initial and final sampling was estimated via integration (DatacanV software from Sable Systems Inc.) and used to calculate metabolic rates over the time interval. The resting metabolism was measured in the lightened period of the day, which is the period of lowest activity for spiders. The oxygen consumption of each animal was recorded three times and only the lowest value for each spider was considered. Spurious values (e.g. values from the same day consistently above the others) were discarded.