, 1969, Bach-y-Rita et al., 1998, Collins, 1971, Deroy and Auvray, 2012 and Loomis, 2010). Alternatives to the tactile approach include encoding visual information into audible signals (Capelle et al., 1998, Hanneton et al., 2010, Loomis, 2010 and Meijer, 1992). Such devices have shown great promise, however their uptake has been limited and PD0325901 price development is ongoing (Loomis, 2010 and Reich et al., 2012). Another approach to vision rehabilitation involves the generation of functionally useful visual perception by direct electrical stimulation of the visual pathway (Fig. 1). The application of such stimulation relies on three physiologic principles

(Maynard, 2001): 1. Light can be replaced by electric current to stimulate the perception of vision. Volta (1800) was among the first to describe the visual percepts, or phosphenes

resulting from electrical stimulation of the eye. In the two centuries since this observation, countless experiments on both animals and humans have confirmed that electrical stimulation of the major anatomical landmarks selleck in the human visual pathway produces phosphenes of varying character. Retinal stimulation has been covered extensively in the recent literature, and the reader is directed to reviews by Shepherd et al. (2013), Guenther et al. (2012), Ong and da Cruz (2012), Fernandes et al. (2012), Florfenicol Theogarajan (2012) and Merabet (2011) for additional details.

Briefly, visual prostheses based on electrical stimulation of surviving populations of retinal ganglion cells have progressed substantially in recent years. Retinal stimulation takes advantage of the significant visual information processing that occurs not only in the retina itself (Freeman et al., 2011), but also the lateral geniculate nucleus (Cudeiro and Sillito, 2006 and Wiesel and Hubel, 1966). Electrical stimulation of the retina may be achieved via placement of epiretinal, subretinal, or suprachoroidal stimulating electrode arrays. One such device, the Argus II epiretinal implant developed by Second Sight (Sylmar, California, USA), has recently obtained regulatory approval for marketing in Europe and the United States. The Argus II is based on a 60-electrode array and a spectacles-mounted digital camera. Clinical trials of the device have shown improved reading (da Cruz et al., 2013) and motion detection (Dorn et al., 2013) abilities in many recipients. A variety of other implant designs are in development worldwide. Stingl et al. (2013) recently described the clinical trial results of a subretinal array (Alpha IMS) incorporating 1500 embedded photodiodes and matching stimulating electrodes.

3 and 5 Large openings between the abdomen and thorax are well tolerated during laparoscopic surgery, and in the absence of an injury to lung parenchyma no chest tube or find more pleural drainage catheter was placed

at the conclusion of the surgery. Symptomatic postoperative pleural effusions were managed with an ultrasound or CT-guided pigtail drain. The most commonly encountered form of tension was related to a short esophagus. The existence and importance of esophageal shortening continues to be debated, but if present and unaddressed, it can place the repair under tension. Our practice was to add a Collis gastroplasty when there was less than 3 cm of intra-abdominal esophagus after mediastinal esophageal mobilization. We have

found the wedge-fundectomy technique to be simple to perform and associated with few complications.7 In this series, there was 1 patient with an esophageal leak related to the Collis staple line. This patient had chronic leukemia and poor healing, and the leak was treated with endoscopic stent placement. After a Collis gastroplasty, we routinely performed upper endoscopy at 3 months, and if esophagitis related to the gastroplasty was found, the patient was placed on acid suppression medication. We have not found the addition of a Collis gastroplasty to be associated with significant find protocol dysphagia.7 All patients had primary crural closure despite, in some cases, a massive hiatal opening. The crural closure was reinforced with an AlloMax biologic mesh graft placed posterior to the esophagus. Rarely, if sutures were placed anterior to the esophagus to prevent a “speed bump” deformity, the Allomax graft was placed completely around the esophagus. It has been our practice to routinely use mesh to reinforce the primary crural closure in patients with a large (≥5 cm) sliding

or paraesophageal hernia, those with thin or atrophic crural pillars, and in all patients undergoing a reoperation for recurrent hiatal hernia. Our rationale is that the crura lack fascia and are often thin in patients with a sizeable hiatal hernia. In addition, the diaphragm moves 15,000 to 20,000 Fossariinae times a day with respiration and contracts vigorously with coughing, sneezing, or vomiting. Finally, there is a natural pressure gradient between the chest and abdomen that encourages migration of intra-abdominal organs into the chest should a separation develop in the crural reapproximation. The use of mesh at the hiatus remains controversial. Permanent synthetic mesh has been reported to reduce the frequency of hernia recurrence, but at the risk of mesh infection or erosion.10 A variety of techniques have been reported for placement of the mesh. Some have placed it posterior to the esophagus; others create a “key-hole” for the esophagus within the mesh and reinforce the entire hiatus.

In the training trial, animals were placed on the platform and their latency to step down on the grid with all four paws was measured with an automatic device. Immediately after stepping down on the grid, the animals received a 0.4 mA, 2.0 s foot shock and returned to their home cage. A retention test trial was performed 24 h after training trial (long-term memory). The retention test trial was procedurally identical to training trial, except that no foot shock was presented. The retention test step-down latency (maximum, 180 s) was used as a measure of inhibitory avoidance retention. This task evaluates motor performance in the training session and non-associative

memory in the retention test session. Habituation to an open-field was carried out in learn more a 40 × 60 cm open field

surrounded by 50 cm high walls made of brown plywood with a frontal glass wall. The floor of the open-field was divided into nine equal rectangles by black lines. The animals were gently placed on the left rear quadrant and left to explore the arena for 5 min (training session). Crossings of the black lines and rearings performed in this session were evaluated as locomotors and exploratory activity, respectively. Immediately after, the animals were returned see more to their home cage and 24 h later they were submitted again to a similar open-field session (test session). Crossing of the black lines and rearing performed in both sessions were counted. The decrease in the number of crossings and rearings between the two sessions was taken as a measure of the retention of habituation (Barichello et al., 2005 and Tuon et al., 2008). This task evaluates non-aversive, non-spatial memory. The apparatus and procedures for the object recognition task have been described

elsewhere (Barichello et al., 2005 and Tuon et al., 2008). Briefly, the task took place in a 40 × 50 cm open-field surrounded by 50 cm-high walls made of plywood with a frontal glass wall. The floor of the open-field was divided into nine equal rectangles by black lines. All animals were submitted to a mafosfamide habituation session where they were allowed to freely explore the open field for 5 min. No objects were placed in the box during the habituation trial. Crossings of the black lines and rearings performed in this session were evaluated as locomotors and exploratory activity, respectively. At different times after habituation, training was conducted by placing individual rats for 5 min in the field, in which two identical objects (objects A1 and A2, both being cubes) were positioned in two adjacent corners, 10 cm from the walls. In a short-term recognition memory test performed 1.5 h after training, the rats explored the open-field for 5 min in the presence of one familiar (A) and one novel (B, a pyramid with a square-shaped base) object. All objects had similar textures (smooth), colors (blue), and sizes (weight 150–200 g), but distinctive shapes.

At 10 days

after the virus inoculation, the BSMV CP transcript was detected in plants inoculated with BSMV virus, but not in the mock plants, revealing successful virus infection. As expected, the TaWAK5 transcript levels were considerably reduced in CI12633 plants infected by BSMV:TaWAK5 ( Fig. 6-A), suggesting that the TaWAK5 transcripts were silenced in these CI12633 plants infected Buparlisib nmr by BSMV:TaWAK5. In disease screening tests of non-infected plants, the 4th sheaths of mock-treated CI12633 and those infected with the BSMV:TaWAK5 virus were inoculated with mycelia of R. cerealis. The 4th sheaths of the susceptible cultivar Wenmai 6 were used as a positive control to show successful R. cerealis inoculation. At 2 weeks post R. cerealis inoculation, lesions with dark-brown margins (an early symptom of sharp eyespot disease) were observed on the 4th sheaths of the susceptible Wenmai 6, but not on the BSMV:TaWAK5-inoculated, BSMV:GFP-inoculated, or mock-treated CI12633 plants ( Fig. 6-B). The resistance continued to be present through more mature stages. No sharp eyespot symptoms were observed at 4th sheaths and stems of BSMV:TaWAK5-inoculated, BSMV:GFP-inoculated, and mock CI12633 plants, but obvious symptoms were present on the 4th sheaths and stems of Wenmai 6 plants. These results suggested that the silencing of TaWAK5 did not directly compromise wheat

resistance to R. cerealis in CI12633. In this study, we isolated a novel wheat WAK gene, TaWAK5, from R. cerealis-resistant wheat CI12633, based on a cDNA transcript that was differentially selleck screening library expressed between resistant wheat genotype CI12633 and susceptible wheat cultivar Wenmai 6. Org 27569 qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the

transcript abundance of TaWAK5 in wheat was rapidly increased by R. cerealis infection. Additionally, TaWAK5 in the R. cerealis-resistant lines was induced to higher levels than in R. cerealis-susceptible lines at 7 dpi with R. cerealis. These results suggested that TaWAK5 may be involved in wheat defense responses to R. cerealis infection. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis revealed that TaWAK5 was a member of the WAK sub-group of the RLK family in wheat. Several WAK genes have been shown to play important roles in regulating plant defense responses. WAK1 from Arabidopsis and OsWAK1 from rice were shown to enhance resistance to the pathogens B. cinerea and M. oryzae, respectively [5] and [11]. TaWAK5 is a non-RD-type protein, as it has an HGD motif in its subdomain VIb. Out of 38 receptor kinases tested in plants, the six which fall into the non-RD class all function in disease resistance and act as PRRs, while the remaining 32 kinases are RD or alternative catalytic function (ACF) kinases and are involved in developmental processes [35], suggesting that all the non-RD RLKs seemed to participate in innate immunity.

Negative controls were incubated in medium

lacking TdT enzyme. The specimens were examined and photographed in an OLYMPUS BX-60 microscope. No quantification has selleck chemicals llc been carried out in TUNEL-labelled sections because it has been concluded that quantification produces uneven results due to the variable number of apoptotic bodies present in a given tissue. 21 Upper alveolar processes from 4 alendronate-treated and 4 control rats from each time point were fixed and decalcified as described. Then, they were post-fixed in 0.1 M cacodylate-buffered 1% osmium tetroxide for 2 h at room temperature, dehydrated in graded concentrations of ethanol, and embedded in Spurr epoxy resin (EMS). Toluidine blue-stained 1-μm thick sections were examined in a light microscope, and cervical regions of the tooth germ/alveolar bony crypt were selected for ultrathin sectioning. Sections 80-nm thick were obtained with a TGF-beta Smad signaling diamond knife on a Leica Ultracut R ultramicrotome (Leica, Buffalo, NY, USA), collected

onto 200-mesh copper grids, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and examined in a Jeol 1010 transmission electron microscope operated at 80 kV. The upper first molar germs of CON rats at 9 days presented normal morphology; the enamel matrix was almost completely secreted. They did not present immunolabelling to Smad-4 antibody (Fig. 1a, b). The first molar germs of ALN specimens at day 9 presented contacting bone trabeculae adjacent to ameloblasts and cells of the HERS. Weak immunolabelling was observed in some dental follicle cells (Fig. 1c, Liothyronine Sodium d). At day 12, CON specimens presented elongation of the root dentine that was still being formed, and the epithelial diaphragm was intact. They presented positive immunolabelling in the inner enamel organ epithelium. The fibroblasts and cementoblasts adjacent to the forming root were strongly immunopositive to Smad-4 (Fig. 1e, f). At the same time point, ALN-treated specimens presented ankylosis sites between the maturing enamel matrix and bone trabeculae from

the crypt. The bone trabeculae also contacted the cells of the cervical portion of the tooth germ. Immunopositive cells were detected at the inner enamel organ. Some epithelial cells of the cervical portion of the tooth germ were also immunopositive (Fig. 1g, h). At day 30, the CON specimens at day 30 presented normal root formation and eruption. Immunopositive cementoblasts were detected over the entire root surface of CON specimens (Fig. 1i, j). No tooth eruption and root elongation occurred until the thirtieth day in ALN specimens, and several ankylosis sites were observed over the first molar germ. They presented some immunopositive cells adjacent to the enamel organ (Fig. 1k, l). TUNEL labelling was carried out in the ALN specimens at 30 days (Fig. 2). The CON specimens at the same time point were not shown because their root development occurred normally.

Results on bi-phasic growth pattern suggests, the chosen isolate metabolize anthracene at very slow and steady state and the stationary phase like observation made after day 7 to day 18 and after 18 to 22 days, could be due to the time taken for the solubilization of the degraded products for further availability to the organisms. Further,

an increase in pH of the external medium for the selleck chemicals control sample reasoned to the alkaliphilic nature of the isolate MTCC 5514. However, meager reports were on the increase in pH of the medium in the presence of PAHs like anthracene, whereas, Zaidi et al. [35] observed an increase in pH in the presence of PAHs like naphthalene, pyrene, phenanthrene and further interpreted that even a small shift in pH play a dramatic change in the degradation of PAHs in oligotrophic environment. With regard to the surface activity measurements, high surface activity and the alkaline pH increase the solubility of the intended anthracene molecules and also enhance the selective permeability of the molecules. Mahanty et al. [17] reported that the emulsification activity of surface-active agents was high at alkaline pH. Since, the adherence of a bacterial cell to hydrocarbon–water interface was Angiogenesis inhibitor more important, in the present study, it was affected through the surface-active agents.

In the present study, the surface-active agent ‘Microsurf’, displayed an extensive applications including the removal of chromium VI [11]. Moreover, because of the transport of various molecules, the change in membrane fluidity accelerates the biosynthesis Buspirone HCl of phospholipids and could be the reason for the sustainability in the concentration and activity of surface-active agent of MTCC 5514 throughout the experimental period. The presence of both, licA3 and C23O gene in MTCC 5514 correlates well with the literatures reported. Though biosurfactant helps to solubilize

or mediate the interaction between the organism and the compound, the catabolic reactions observed in the present study has been executed by the dioxygenase genes as observed from the amplified product of 1.27 kb. This gene was identified as an important gene responsible for catabolizing low molecular weight as well as high molecular weight PAHs [15]. According to Nievas et al. [21], both, dioxygenase and monooxygenase enzymes were considered as major degrading enzymes in the degradation of PAHs. Ahmed et al. [1] observed the formation of anthrone by alkaliphilic bacteria at C9 and C10 position and further leads to the formation of quinone product of PAHs. According to Cerniglia [5] and Ye et al. [33], anthraquinone is the common oxidation products of PAH degradation.

Lysates contents were decanted for 5 min at room temperature. When specified, 10 μM bafilomycin or 100 μM sodium vanadate were added to the vesicle suspensions for 30 min at room temperature. After decanting, 20 μl cell lysate were applied to Formvar-coated grids and blotted dry with a filter paper. Grids were dried and examined in a JEOL 1200 EX transmission electron microscope operating at 80 kV. X-rays were collected

for 90 s using a Si (Li) detector with Norvar window on a 0–10 keV energy range with a resolution of 10 eV/channel. Semi-quantitative elemental analysis was performed as described (Miranda et al., 2004c). The atomic% was calculated based on the measured weight% values (wt.%/atomic wt.). Larva midguts were dissected and fixed in 4% formaldehyde, 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 0.1 M sodium cacodylate pH 7.2 for 2 h. Cells were washed with Birinapant purchase 0.1 M sodium cacodylate pH 7.2 and post-fixed with 1% OsO4, 0.8% FeCNK, 5 mM CaCl2 for 1 h at dark. Samples were washed in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate pH 7.2, dehydrated in an acetone graded series and embedded in progressive Epon concentrations. Epon-embedded samples were hardened at 60 °C for 72 h, 80 nm ultrathin sections were prepared on an ultramicrotome and mounted

on copper grids. Lead citrate and uranyl acetate were used for post-staining and grids were observed on JEOL 1200EX transmission electron microscope operating www.selleckchem.com/hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase-hsd.html at 80 kV. Alternatively, midgut sections were frozen using a high-pressure freezing machine Bal-Tec HPM-010 and 1-hexadecene as cryoagent. Freeze-substitution was performed using 1.45% KF as a calcium-precipitating agent, 3% glutaraldehyde, 1% OsO4 in methanol (Hardt and Plattner,

2000). Samples were kept at −80 °C for 72 h, −20 °C for 6 h, 4 °C for 4 h Gefitinib nmr and transferred to room temperature. Samples were washed with acetone and embedded in Epon as described above. To better understand the general morphology of the midgut of A. gemmatalis, we prepared histological sections from Historesin embedded samples. No significant morphological differences could be found between anterior and posterior midgut at this level. Anticarsia midgut is divided in three main regions: the endoperitrophic and ectoperitrophic space (EnS and EcS, respectively) and the cellular monolayer ( Fig. 1A), composed of columnar, goblet and regenerative cells ( Fig. 1B). EnS is surrounded by the peritrophic membrane (PM) and defines the inner region of the midgut lumen. This region has been defined as involved with primary digestion ( Terra and Ferreira, 1994), which is corroborated by the observation of undigested food ( Fig. 1A, C, and D). The PM and the cellular monolayer limit the EcS and no food residues could be found. Several vesicles of different sizes and aspects are present dispersed around the EcS and eventually in close proximity to the PM ( Fig. 1C).

As complicações associadas à doença localmente avançada são a rotura espontânea10, o syndrome Kasabach-Merritt11 com sequestro de selleck chemical plaquetas a nível da lesão vascular com trombocitopenia de consumo12 e o síndrome de Budd-Chiari13. A maioria dos pacientes apresenta sintomas inespecíficos (dor no hipocôndrio direito, perda de peso, náuseas e vómitos) e frequentemente são assintomáticos

com a descoberta acidental do tumor. Estão descritos casos de falência hepática fulminante como forma de apresentação14. O sinal mais frequentemente observado no exame objetivo é a hepatoesplenomegália6. A exposição a agentes como o torotraste, anticonceptivos orais, cloreto de polivinilo, asbestos, bem como traumatismo hepático, hepatite vírica ou cirrose biliar primária têm sido atribuídos como putativos agentes causais15. A heterogeneidade destes tumores dificulta o seu diagnóstico através dos métodos imagiológicos clássicos. As lesões são frequentemente nodulares, de distribuição periférica ou subcapsular que crescem e coalescem, formando uma massa confluente dominante. Esta descrição foi relatada primeiramente por Furui et al. 16, sugerindo que as lesões nodulares seriam um estádio inicial e gradualmente estas se tornariam TSA HDAC cell line difusas. A ecografia revela lesões geralmente heterogéneas e

hipoecogénicas, podendo também ser isoecogénicas, geralmente com halo hipoecoico ou ainda hiperecogénicas. A TC evidencia uma lesão heterogénea, com realce periférico e central após contraste endovenoso, retração capsular, calcificações no seu interior e hipertrofia compensatória do parênquima poupado 6 and 15. Alomari et al. descreveram um sinal designado como lollipop sign, que pode ser observado quer na TC quer na ressonância magnética, consistindo na terminação abrupta da veia porta ou da artéria hepática na periferia da massa, conferindo este aspeto um achado específico desta entidade 17.

Os achados laboratoriais não são diagnósticos. Os marcadores tumorais (alfafetoproteína, CEA e CA 19,9) são normais, estando a sua utilidade acoplada à exclusão de outros tumores primários ou metastáticos do fígado. As enzimas mais frequentemente alteradas são a FA, Thiamet G GGT, seguidas das aminotransferases e da bilirrubina6. O diagnóstico definitivo do HEH é estabelecido por estudo anátomo-patológico, particularmente por imunohistoquímica. É um tumor vascular, composto por grandes células endoteliais com citoplasma abundantemente eosinofílico e limites bem definidos que mimetizam células epiteliais9. Produz um efeito de zona, centralmente com necrose de coagulação, seguida de zona de proliferação fibro-hialina onde se reconhecem espaços porta, raros hepatócitos aprisionados e algumas células pleomórficas.

, 2007, Besedovsky and Del Rey, 1996, Carvalho-Freitas et al., 2008, Chrousos, 2000 and Quinteiro-Filho et al., 2012). Exposing animals to stressful situations activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the release of glucocorticoids and catecholamines into the blood ( Armario et al., 2012, Black, 1994, Blalock, 1994, Dunn, 1995, Glaser and Kiecolt-Glaser, 2005 and Stratakis and Chrousos, 1995). A wide array of physical and psychological stressors alters immunity, and both the qualitative and quantitative features of these stressors markedly

GSI-IX mw influence the immune response. Many differences exist in the ways that short-term and long-term stressors affect physiology and behavior (Dhabhar and McEwen, 1997). Several facets of the immune system are differentially influenced

GSK126 clinical trial by stressors, particularly macrophage activity (Silberman et al., 2003 and Palermo-Neto et al., 2003), antibody production (Karp et al., 2000), and sensitivity to the antigen 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB) (Blecha et al., 1982). Evidence has demonstrated that the nervous system has an important role in the regulation of blood cell production and the selective release of these cells from the bone marrow into the circulation (Afan et al., 1997, Broome et al., 2000, Dhabhar et al., 1995 and Maestroni, 2000). Many humoral factors are able to influence the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of the multipotent stem cell and its progeny under stress conditions. In this regard, studies from our laboratory (Malacrida et al., 1997a, Malacrida et al., 1997b, Souza-Queiroz et al., 2004 and Souza-Queiroz et al., 2008) and others (Broome et al., 2000, Dugan et al., 2007,

Dygai et al., 1991, Goldberg et al., 1988 and Mizobe et al., 1997) have demonstrated hematopoietic alterations after exposure to different experimental models of stressors. Hematopoiesis is initiated by a rare population of bone marrow (BM)–resident multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) that over are faced at each cell division with the decision to self-renew, differentiate, migrate, or die (Domen and Weissman, 1999). During steady-state hematopoiesis, the HSC population is relatively quiescent, but they give rise, upon cell cycle entry, to a hierarchy of differentiating progenitor populations that undergo the massive proliferative expansion required to replenish the blood system. HSC are recognized to be positive for c-kit, Sca-1 and Thy1.1 and negative for the mature lineage markers (Lin) and FLK2 (Passagué et al., 2005). The HSC-containing Lin−Sca-1+c-Kit+ (LSK) cell population is able to self-renew and differentiate into a hematopoietic progenitor population (Lin−Sca-1−c-Kit+, HP) that lacks the ability to reconstitute lethally irradiated mice (Peng et al., 2012).

NI = the

number of intercepts that cross basal membrane, which is proportional to the perimeter of the airway; L = number of points hitting the airway lumen, which is proportional to the intraluminal area. BI was quantified in five non-cartilaginous airways per animal at 400× magnification ( Sakae et al., 1994). Airway smooth muscle area, airway epithelium thickness and edema were defined as the SCH 900776 mouse number of point hitting, respectively, in smooth muscle and epithelial cells and peribronchial edema. This value was divided by the number of intercepts that cross the basal membrane, which is proportional to the perimeter of the airway (Sakae et al., 1994 and Vieira et al., 2007). Measurements were performed in five airways per animal at 1000× magnification. After blood collection from the cava vein, the samples were immediately centrifuged for 15 min (5 °C; 1000 rpm). Serum samples were stored at −70 °C until the GPCR Compound Library manufacturer assay was performed. A PCA reaction was used to detect and estimate the levels of anaphylactic IgE and IgG1 OVA-specific antibodies as previously described (Ovary, 1964 and Mota and Perini, 1970). Briefly, the back of a naïve guinea

pig was shaved, and 0.1 ml of different serum dilutions was injected intradermally. Thirty naïve guinea pigs were used to evaluate the PCA, and the serum from each animal was included in the study (n = 30). After a long latent period of 48 h for IgE or a short period of 24 h for IgG1, the animals were challenged intravenously (i.v.) with 1 ml of a 0.5% solution of Evans blue in saline (0.9% NaCl) containing 1 mg of antigen (ovalbumin). The animals were

euthanized 30 min after injection of the antigen, and the diameters of the blue spots on the inner surface of the flayed skin were measured. To detect the IgG1-type antibody, the serum was heated for 3 h at 56 °C to inactivate IgE activity; the heated serum was injected for PCA after a short latency period. The PCA titers were defined as the highest dilutions that gave an intradermal allergic Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II reaction larger than 5 mm in diameter in triplicate tests ( Ovary, 1964 and Mota and Perini, 1970). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a Student–Newman–Keuls post hoc test (parametric data) or ANOVA on ranks followed by Dunn’s post hoc test (non-parametric data) were used to compare the different parameters between groups. The values were expressed as the mean ± SD for parametric data and as the median (variance) for non-parametric data. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Table 1 shows the maximal exercise capacity obtained in initial and final tests for each group before and after the AE protocol. Only animals from the trained groups (AE and OVA + AE groups) exhibited a significant increase in exercise capacity when compared with the animals in the non-trained groups (C and OVA) (p < 0.001; Table 1). The OVA and OVA + AE groups had increases in the OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 titers compared to the non-sensitized groups (p < 0.001; Table 1).