Purse-seine fisheries are also global in nature, operating in coastal and open waters for aggregated pelagic species, particularly tuna

and sardines (FAO, 2008). In Chagos/BIOT, the purse-seine fishery targeted mainly yellowfin and skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and was highly seasonal, operating between November and March with a peak usually in December and January ( Mees et al., 2009a). Catches, mainly by Spanish and French flagged vessels, were highly variable from logbook records, ranging from < 100 to ∼24,000 tonnes VX-765 cell line annually over the last five years ( Table 3 and Table 4). Total catch in the Indian Ocean for bigeye tuna are considered close to the maximum sustainable yield and in recent years, yellowfin tuna has also been overexploited with catches exceeding maximum sustainable yield (IOTC, 2010). Concerns regarding the level of catch of juveniles for both species have been highlighted (IOTC, 2010). Skipjack tuna is a see more highly productive and resilient species, however, recent indicators suggest the Indian Ocean stocks should be

closely monitored (IOTC, 2010). Data from tuna fisheries indicate biases and additional information sources are necessary to fully evaluate the status of the stocks (Ahrens, 2010). Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing is not a trivial component of the catch and adds substantial uncertainty into assessments (Ahrens, 2010). There is an increasing appreciation of the effects of uncertainty on fishery stock assessment and management, resulting in a more explicit focus on sustainability and its quantification (Ahrens, 2010 and Botsford et al., 2009). As with all commercial pelagic fisheries, bycatch and discards are the greatest potential threat to non-target species. These threats are evaluated in more detail later in this paper. Two smaller fisheries have also been operating in Chagos/BIOT. In 2008, a small recreational fishery on Diego Garcia caught 25.2 tonnes of tuna and tuna-like

species (76% of the catch); the remainder were reef-associated species (Mees et al., 2009b). Secondly, a Mauritian inshore fishery that targeted demersal species, principally snappers, emperors Thalidomide and groupers, whose logbook records indicated that the catches were between 200 and 300 tonnes per year for the period 1991–1997, decreasing to between 100 and 150 tonnes from 2004 (Mees, 2008). The long distance from ports and relatively short season made this an increasingly unattractive venture and the number of licences issued declined in recent years (Mees, 2008). Overall total catches in the inshore fishery were considered within sustainable limits, although varied considerably between atolls and banks (Mees, 2008). Despite the limited effort, such levels of exploitation were of potential concern considering the fishery targeted predatory species at the higher trophic levels e.g. groupers and the individuals retained were often at the maximum recorded total length for that species (S.

Cap interferes with TNF-α mRNA transcription and exerts an inhibiting effect on TNF-α release from macrophages in the early phase after LPS stimulation. Thus, Cap is considered a potent agent for the treatment of TNF-α-related diseases, such CH5424802 research buy as septicemia. The authors thank Maruishi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. for the gift of Cap. “
“The diverse

deleterious health effects upon exposure to heavy metals in the environment are a matter of serious concern and a global issue. Lead is the most abundant toxic metal in the environment [1]. Lead occurs naturally in the environment. However, most of the high levels found throughout the environment come from human activities. Environmental levels of lead have increased more than 1,000-fold over the past three centuries as a result of human activity. The greatest increase occurred between the years 1950 and 2000, and reflected increasing worldwide use of leaded gasoline [2]. Lead does not have any detectable beneficial biological role, however on the contrary its detrimental effect on physiological, biochemical and behavioral dysfunctions have been documented in animals and humans by several investigators [3] and [4]. Lead is a male reproductive toxicant [5]. Toxicity is manifested in male reproductive function by deposition of lead in testes, epididymis,

vas deferens, seminal vesicle and seminal ejaculate. Lead has an adverse effect on sperm count, sperm motility and retarded the activity of spermatozoa [6]. The effect Trametinib datasheet of lead on testis is still a matter of controversy where exposure to low dose of lead was found to arrest spermatogenesis [7] or to have no effect [8]. The mechanism of lead-induced oxidative stress involves an imbalance between generation Selleckchem Vorinostat and removal of ROS (reactive oxygen species) in tissues and cellular components causing damage to membranes, DNA and proteins [1]. Lead is reported to cause oxidative stress by generating the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals and lipid peroxides [9]. Lead acetate enhances lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide production in both serum

and testes with concomitant reduction in antioxidant enzymes as catalase and superoxide dismutase [10]. The androgen receptor (AR) plays a key role in androgen action. In the male reproductive system, the testis and epididymis are major targets of androgen action, and androgen is critical for maintenance of spermatogenesis and secretory function in epididymal epithelial cells [11]. Caspases are a family of genes important for maintaining homeostasis through regulating cell death and inflammation [12]. There has been increased interest among phytotherapy researchers to use medicinal plants with antioxidant activity for protection against heavy metal toxicity [9]. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), a medicinal plant belongs to Luaraceae family. This plant has many therapeutic effects.

1). This topology was identical to the classification based on their morphology and habits [10], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22] and [23]. Pairwise distances are shown in Table S3. The UBE3 sequence dataset was employed for construction of the nucleotide molecular formulae (NMF). The 724 bp aligned sequence corresponds to the DNA tract from bases 15 to 738 of the entire sequence of the UBE3 fragment from the 5′ end and includes all the variable sites of this region ( Table 2; Fig. S1). The position number of each variable site used in the formula was determined according to the newly generated 724 bp-length sequence alignment.

The ten polymorphic base sites used in the NMF of the taxa for the genus Juglans are No. 42, 85, 125, 205, 227, 322, 457, 459, 595 and 663 ( Table 2; Fig. S1). For instance, “Nuclear_DNA_UBE3_cds” was used to refer to the coding region of the nuclear UBE3 gene employed in the NMF and “aln_724 bp” refers to the aligned BAY 80-6946 sequence length (724 bp) of Selleckchem EX-527 the nine representative species/variety/cultivars

in Juglans L. As a result, “Nuclear_DNA_UBE3_cds_aln_724bp_ ” can be constructed as an NMF for molecularly characterizing the cultivar Juglans regia ‘Zha 343’, with the figure following the nucleotide character indicating the position of the corresponding polymorphic base site from the 5′ end of the aligned sequence [24]. The NMF can be constructed in a similar way for the rest of the samples of the genus Juglans and the outgroups. “Nuclear DNA_UBE3_cds_aln_724bp_” is omitted to save space in the description below. “Type ”, for example, in the following Fenbendazole taxonomic key, refers to the taxon/taxa with –typed base mutation, i.e., nucleotide A can be detected at base position 42 from the 5′ end in the UBE3 region. Other types of base mutation are indicated in the same way. As shown in Fig. 2, a novel taxonomic key based on nucleotide molecular formulae is constructed by which the molecular feature of each taxon is given. Plants of Juglans sect. Cardiocaryon are precious tree species for high quality wood production. J. mandshurica and J.cathayensis are closely related taxa in Juglans sect. Cardiocaryon.

J. mandshurica is mostly distributed in provinces of North and Northeast China, where the climate is colder. J. cathayensis is mainly distributed in warmer provinces of South and Southwest China [19], [20] and [23]. The four black walnut species of Juglans sect. Rhysocaryon are closely related with each other, with some presence in North America as well [18], [19], [20], [21], [22] and [23]. Members of Juglans sect. Juglans are economically important tree species for edible walnut production. The distribution of Juglans sigillata and J. sigillata ‘Lushui 1Hao’ is limited to Southwest China (mainly Yunnan Province) [19], [20] and [23]. J. sigillata ‘Lushui 1 Hao’ is a traditional local cultivar with an annual nut production of more than 1.0 × 108 kg. In contrast, the annual nut production of J.

0) environment, whereas the posterior part (small intestine) was reddish, indicating an acid milieu (pH ∼5.0). The transition between these midgut regions was abrupt ( Fig. 1). After PCR GDC-0449 price with degenerate oligonucleotides, 5′- and 3′-RACE and alignment of the nucleotide sequences, two 1112 and 1093 bp cathepsin L-like proteinase encoding

cDNAs (tbcatL-1 and tbcatL-2) were obtained (NCBI accession nos. EU643472 and JN099751). Both sequences contained open reading frames of 990 bp, encoding 330 amino acid residues ( Fig. 2), 61 and 48 bp of putative 5′-non-coding region and 13 and 35 bp of putative 3′-non-coding region between the stop codon (TAA) and the polyadenylation signal (AATAAA), respectively. The predicted TBCATL-1 and TBCATL-2 precursors had a molecular weight of 36.8 and 37.1 kDa, respectively. Both deduced enzyme precursors contained a putative signal peptide cleavage site (pre-region) between positions 16 AC220 manufacturer and 17 in the amino acid sequence, a pro-region of 97 amino acid residues and a predicted mature protein of 217 amino acid residues, resulting in a theoretical molecular weights of 23.4 and 23.7 kDa, respectively (Fig. 2). The active triad was formed by Cys25, His164 and Asn184 in both mature proteins (Fig. 2). Six cysteine residues forming

three disulfide bridges were located at positions 22, 56, 65, 98, 157 and 206 in the mature enzymes. The two motifs, ERFNIN and GNDF, characteristic for cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinases, were found in the pre-proregion at positions 43–62 and 75–81

of the cathepsin L precursor, respectively. Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK The second motif was modified to MNFD in TBCATL-1and KNFD in TBCATL-2, respectively. The structurally important motif GCNGG was located at position 64–68 in both mature proteins, modified to GCEGG within the amino acid sequence of both mature enzymes (Fig. 2). Mature TBCATL-1 had an identity of 90.3% to TBCATL-2. When compared with homologous genes available in the GenBank database (blastx using nr database), TBCATL-1 had between 64.7% and 75.7% identity with precursors of cathepsin L like cysteine proteinases from other insects, 76.0% to CatL of T. infestans and 83.9% to cathepsin L of R. prolixus ( Fig. 2). In the dendrogram of putative mature cathepsin L sequences of different arthropods, both outgroup crustacean cathepsin L amino acid sequences were separated from those of the insects (Fig. 3). All triatomine sequences clustered together in a branch with Aedes aegypti cathepsin L 1 and these four taxa were distinctly separated from all other insect cathepsin L mature amino acid sequences with high bootstrap support. R. prolixus cathepsin L closely grouped with TBCATL-1 and TBCATL-2 with good bootstrap support, whereas the T. infestans cathepsin was more distant to the other three triatomine cathepsin L sequences ( Fig. 3).

Some studies showed that intraperitoneal administration of Tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) crude extract presented toxic effects as weight loss, negative efficiency on protein ratio, negative net protein utilization, poor digestion of proteins and death of rats and mice after 10 days treatment, however, after autoclaving the crude extract, the toxic effects were lost [17]. Studies on the toxicity of semipure lectins from Tepary bean intraperitoneally administrated in CD-1 mice, found a lethal Anti-diabetic Compound Library ic50 dose (LD50) of 1100 and 1120 mg/kg body weight for males and females, respectively

[18]. A semipure lectin fraction from Tepary bean seeds (TBLF) obtained by a molecular weight exclusion chromatography protocol exhibits in vitro antiproliferative differential effect on cancer and

normal cells [19]. Before testing the in vivo anticancer effect, we studied the acute toxicity of TBLF using intragastric doses from 5 to 2,000 mg/body weight kg suggesting a FK228 molecular weight secure dose of 50 mg/kg. The intragastric 50 mg/kg TBLF dose was assayed for subchronic toxicity (daily dosing for 28 days) where no toxic or adverse effects were observed, therefore 50 mg/kg TBLF was determined as the NOAEL [20]. Here we present a short-term assay in order to know the digestion resistance of lectins and the effect on complete blood count (CBC) after 24 h of 50 mg/kg TBLF single-dose administration. The anti-nutritional effects and toxic parameters of a 6-week schedule study (intragastric administration every third day) were studied; where food intake, body weight, biochemical blood markers and histopathological analysis were included. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were purchased from Institute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (INB-UNAM) and placed in individual cages with ad libitum water and rodent chow food (Rodent Laboratory Chow 5001, Saint Louis, MO, USA). The animals remained one week

for acclimatization where the circadian cycle was adjusted to 12 h light/12 h darkness, at 22° C and a relative humidity of 30%. The animals were sacrificed by decapitation at the end of the experiments. The experimental protocol was else based on the Mexican official standard [21] and approved by the INB-UNAM ethics committee. We have performed a standardized method for TBLF obtaining [19]. Some modifications were done in order to improve the lectin enrichment. Briefly, Tepary bean seeds were grinded (A-10 Analytical Tekmar mill) and degreased with chloroform-methanol 2:1 in a 4:1 w/v proportion, stirring for 15 min and then vacuum filter; this process was repeated 2 more times and flour was dried at room temperature in a fume hood.

So, the aim of this study was to develop and assess the quality parameters and sensory acceptability of Coalho cheeses made from a mixture of goat’s and cow’s milk and compare the evaluated characteristics with those obtained for the Coalho cheeses made from plain goat’s or cow’s milk. Three different cheese types

were made in duplicate in three different moments: CCM (cheese made from cow’s milk), CGM (cheese made from goat’s milk) and CCGM (cheese made from cow’s milk and goat’s milk, 1:1 ratio, L:L). The cheeses were manufactured following the traditional procedure proposed by Embrapa for traditional cow’s Coalho cheese, which is a Brazilian agricultural research company (Laguna & Landim, 2003). Milk composition is presented in Fig. 1. Coalho cheeses were manufactured in 30-L vats from commercially pasteurized goat and/or cow milk heated to 90 ± 1 °C for 10 min, followed by direct acidification with 0.25 mL/L check details lactic acid. Calcium chloride (0.5 mL/L) and a commercial coagulating agent (0.9 mL/L, Ha-La®) and starter of mesophilic

lactic cultures (R-704 Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris and L. lactis subsp. lactis) available from Christian Hansen Brazil (Valinhos, Minas Gerais, Brazil) were also added to the vats. The vats were incubated http://www.selleckchem.com/products/KU-60019.html at 36 °C until a firm curd was formed (approximately 40 min). The obtained gel was gently cut into cubes, allowed to drain, salted in brine (12 g/L NaCl), placed in perforated rectangular containers (approximate capacity of 250 g) and maintained at 10 °C under pressure for 4 h and vacuum packaged. The cheese obtained after storage at 10 °C for 24 h was regarded as the final product. The cheeses were then stored at 4 °C for 28 days to simulate the common shelf-life. Cheeses from each treatment (n: 6) were used for physicochemical and Histamine H2 receptor technological analysis of the final product (day 1) and after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of storage. For fatty acids profile and sensory analysis, the cheeses were evaluated after 14 and 28 days of storage.

Each day, three cheeses from the same batch and trial were unpacked and immediately used for physicochemical, fatty acids profile, textural and sensory analysis. The pH values of the cheeses were determined using a combined pH glass electrode connected to a pH-meter MicropH 2001 Crison potentiometer (MicropH 2001, Barcelona, Spain). The moisture content from the samples was determined following the international standard method (IDF, 1958), and protein, fat and salt (sodium chloride – NaCl) contents were measured using a LactoScope Filter C4 apparatus (Delta Instruments, The Netherlands) according to Madureira, Pintado, Gomes, Pintado, and Malcata (2011). Lipid extraction was performed according to Hara and Radin (1978) and transesterification of the FA according to Christie (1982).

Studies demonstrated that its stability is influenced by the intrinsic properties of the product and the process characteristics check details causing these differences to occur. Brownmiller, Howard, and Prior (2008), Lee et al. (2002), and Skrede et al. (2000) carried out experiments to determinate the anthocyanin degradation levels in blueberries using time/temperature conditions similar to those used in this study, and they found lower levels of degradation

than those obtained in this work. In contrast, Volden et al. (2008) found a considerably higher level of anthocyanin degradation of 59% in red cabbage after 3 min of processing at 95 °C. Moreover, in studies in which anthocyanins were exposed to high temperatures for longer periods of time, the level of degradation reached 55% (Queiroz et al., 2009). According to Patras et al. (2010), given the currently available data, it is not possible to predict the exact effect of thermal treatment on anthocyanin retention, and it is necessary to evaluate each case individually until a consensus is reached. In this work, anthocyanin degradation showed a significant relation to the applied heating voltage. Although a direct comparison is not possible due

to lack of work evaluating anthocyanin degradation in the presence of an electric field, some studies evaluated the influence of ohmic heating on ascorbic acid and/or

vitamin C degradation and compared conventional and ohmic techniques. A recently published studies performed AZD6244 mw in our laboratory using the same ohmic heating equipment evaluated the effects of voltage and solids content on vitamin C and ascorbic acid degradation in acerola pulp. The results obtained by Mercali, Jaeschke, Tessaro, and Marczak (2012) were similar to the results obtained for anthocyanins in Quinapyramine this work: higher voltages caused higher degradation levels, being an indicative of the similarity of the chemical reactions undergone by these compounds. The research of Lima, Heskitt, Burianek, Nokes, and Sastry (1999) determined whether the presence of an electric field altered the rate of degradation of ascorbic acid. They compared ohmic and conventional heating and found very similar kinetic parameters for both treatments. Their study also evaluated the effect of electrolysis on ascorbic acid degradation, and they observed gas production when stainless electrodes were used but not with titanium-coated electrodes. In both cases, electrolysis did not affect the ascorbic acid concentration. Nevertheless, a different study (Assiry, Sastry, & Samaranayake, 2003) yielded results similar to those obtained in this work. The authors found a higher level of degradation of vitamin C during ohmic heating using high voltages relative to conventional heating.

At the same time, residual colonic innate immunity cells, such as neutrophils and macrophages, of WT + DSS mice regressed to WT control baseline levels ( Figure 2B). The adaptive immunity colonic mucosa cells, including Treg, however, did not fully regress (WT vs WT + DSS, P = .048; Figure 2B). This result,

which is in line with gross pathology observation of MLN enlargement at 7 months after DSS treatments, suggests that subtle alterations in local gut adaptive immunity networks may persist for a particularly Cabozantinib mouse long period after the restoration of colonic mucosa architecture and the regression of colitis. In an effort to explain why uPA−/− + DSS mice develop colonic polypoid adenomas in the long term, while WT + DSS ones do not, we next examined the colon of mice at the early time point of 1 week after DSS treatment. We found that WT and uPA−/−controls showed normal colon histology, whereas their DSS-treated counterparts had the typical DSS-associated ulcerative colitis. At this early time point, DSS-treated mice had numerous foci of epithelial dysplasia, characterized by the same histopathologic and immunohistochemical features as those described in polyps (Figure 3A). Colonic

dysplastic foci of uPA−/− + DSS mice, however, were in a more advanced stage of the dysplasia/preneoplasia sequence than those of WT + DSS mice (P = .0001; Figure 3, A and B). A total of 2-minute polyps were found in 2 uPA−/− + DSS mice (2 of 24) and 1-minute polyp was found in the WT + DSS mice (1 of 23). DSS-induced ulcerative lesions, located mostly at the last part of the descending colon and the rectum, consistently presented a larger surface epithelium deficit in the uPA−/− + IWR-1 concentration Adenosine triphosphate DSS mice compared to the same lesions

of the WT + DSS mice (P < .0001; Figure 3C). In the non-ulcerative parts of the gut mucosa, however, colitis in both groups of DSS-treated mice was characterized by comparable levels of inflammatory cell infiltration (P = .1098; Figure 3D). To examine whether the tumor-promoting uPA deficiency is associated with a different inflammatory cell composition of DSS colitis, we labeled in situ and then quantified selected critical inflammatory cell types in the colonic mucosa. We found that the numbers of MPO + neutrophils were significantly higher in both the ulcerative lesions (P = .0052; Figure 4A) and the remaining colonic mucosa (P = .0079; Figure W4A) of uPA−/− + DSS mice compared to topographically matching areas of WT + DSS mice. The presence of neutrophils was unremarkable in both uPA−/− and WT untreated controls ( Figure W4A). Likewise, F4/80 + macrophages were significantly more in the non-ulcerated colonic mucosa of the uPA−/− + DSS compared to the WT + DSS mice (P = .0011; Figure 4B). CD3 + lymphocytes, however, were less in the ulcerative lesions (P = .0039; Figure 4C) and in the colonic lamina propria (P = .0282; Figure W4B) of uPA−/− + DSS mice than those counted in the corresponding areas of WT + DSS mice.

They were anxious to learn how to preserve a wide variety of plant materials/species in the very cold liquid nitrogen world. He also traveled extensively both within and outside Japan to teach how to use PVS2 solution and preserve plant materials in liquid nitrogen. In total, over 200 plant species have been cryopreserved using PVS2 solution to date. To introduce a Panobinostat in vivo little about my personal memory of Sakai-sensei, I first met him in 1978, when I was a junior student at a university. I was totally impressed with the energy and enthusiasm Sakai-sensei had. I instantly decided to apply for the Graduate School of Science of Hokkaido

University to work for Sakai-sensei at ILTS. In 1979, he accepted me as the last official student before his obligatory retirement from

Hokkaido University. No sooner did I start my research at his lab than I realized how fortunate I was to have an opportunity to work under his supervision. I still clearly remember how different his teaching style was from other professors I had met before. He did not “teach” students, nor readily provide answers or solutions for the problem. Rather, he made us come up with research topics of our own and explore possible approaches to solve the see more problems. Every time we went to Sakai-sensei’s office and asked questions, he always gave us useful advice and encouraged us to try new topics or areas (often our curiosity was in an area outside of his GPX6 knowledge, or apparently

at least a few years of experiment was needed before obtaining any data worth publishing but Sakai-sensei never minded). Interestingly, now, 30 years later, I find myself doing exactly the same thing with my students. By nature, young people expect their professors to readily give answers for their questions. But I learned from Sakai-sensei that it is not the most effective way to teach young people the abilities necessary to be a good scientist or to live a good life in the sometimes complex and often challenging world. So, I sometimes (hopefully not too often) give my students a hard time—for I am very grateful to Sakai-sensei for how he trained me as a scientist and as a person. I have plenty of fond memories—and some sad memories, of course—with Sakai-sensei from my days at the graduate school and thereafter. I know that those who were fortunate enough to have had a chance to work or talk with Sakai-sensei know how lucky they are. These people are the ones who have been impressed and inspired by the leadership and knowledge Sakai-sensei generously provided to us. We must follow and pursue what Sakai-sensei intended to continue. We must keep working hard in plant cold hardiness and cryopreservation research. That is our mission. Sakai-sensei is survived by his wife, Taduko-san, two sons and their family members, and rose and rhododendron bushes and his other beloved plants in his garden.

In the purlieu of cancer therapeutics, polymeric nanoparticles are considered as novice drug systems. But, in fact they are credible tumor targeting agents because of their ability to sustain the conjugated drugs in circulation and retain enhanced drug uptake via enhanced permeation and retention effect [8], [9] and [10]. They could be easily surface check details engineered to function precisely over different types of architecture, shape, size, surface charges across all the barriers for the optimal drug delivery [11] and [12]. However, strategies to co-encapsulate multiple drugs during the synthesis of nanoparticles are

always challenging. Physical loading, chemical conjugation and covalent linkage of the drugs

to the polymer backbone has often been the JQ1 clinical trial method of choices [13], [14], [15] and [16]. But, several other factors such as steric hindrance, heterogeneity and variable drug reactions interfere, and pose a major challenge during synthesis [17]. Majority of the polymeric nanoparticles are polymeric micelles which are electrically neutral, capable of evading drug clearance by the reticulo-endothelial systems, and are frequently used against murine solid tumors [18]. In combination with Dox, they appear effective and safe [19]. Apart from being biocompatible, polymeric nanocarriers also demonstrate favorable pharmacokinetics [20]. We previously isolated and characterized naturally obtained

PST001 (Galactoxyloglucan) from the seed kernels of Tamarindus indica (Ti) [21]. PST001 has been demonstrated to show excellent antitumor and immunomodulatory activity against various cancers in vitro and in vivo [21], [22] and [23]. Another nanoparticle formulation of PST001 and gold (PST-Gold) PAK5 developed in our laboratory demonstrated superior cytotoxic and immunomodulatory activity compared to the parent polysaccharide [24] and [25]. PST001 in conjugation with Dox also elicited significant anticancer activity in breast, leukemic and colon cancer cells in vitro [26]. However, in order to determine the versatile nature of this nanoconjugate anticancer drug in aggressive cancers like lymphoma, current study was aimed to evaluate the potential of PST-Dox in murine ascites and solid tumors. In addition, the most effective drug delivery routes of this nanoparticle derivative and the rate of Dox internalization from the nanoparticle conjugates in the human breast, leukemic and colon tumor sites were also determined. For this purpose, we synthesized and chemically characterized nanoparticle conjugated PST001 and Dox (PST-Dox), and tested its anti-tumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Our results suggest that the PST-Dox exhibited excellent cytotoxicity, apoptotic and antitumor activities in either forms of ascites tumors.