0001) (Table 3). The rates of happiness were similar between women who were HIV positive and HIV negative at the time of their last pregnancy,

whether it was intended [93% PI3K inhibitor (83/89) vs. 90% (83/92), p=0.46] or unintended [46% (48/125) vs. 51% (63/123), p=0.41]. When level of happiness and intention of last pregnancy were assessed in women of different ethnic backgrounds, only 43% (38/89) of African women were found to be happy or very happy with the last unintended pregnancy compared with 93% (88/95) who had an intended pregnancy (P<0.0001). Similar findings were noted with the other ethnic groups. The results from the multivariable analysis revealed that women who were happy with their last unintended pregnancy were more likely to be married or have a common-law partner and have given birth at least once (Table 4). HIV status at the time of pregnancy and ethnicity were not significant predictors selleck chemical of happiness with last unintended pregnancy. In this study of 416 HIV-positive women of reproductive age living in Ontario,

Canada, we documented an unintended pregnancy rate of 56% (95% CI 51–61%) for their most recent pregnancy; this proportion was similar before and after HIV diagnosis. This proportion is also similar to those presented in other international reports identifying unintended pregnancy rates in HIV-positive women [7,9]. Gogna et al. [7] found that 55% of women and 30% of men in their study had children after their HIV diagnosis and that half of those pregnancies had been unintended. Our study expands on these findings by exploring the correlates of unintended pregnancy in this population and by examining the degree of happiness with unintended pregnancies. Koenig and colleagues’ finding that 83.3% of the pregnancies in HIV-positive adolescent girls were unplanned is of significant importance as the HIV

epidemic increasingly affects younger individuals and women [8,17,18]. This is a group at significant risk of HIV infection and of unintended pregnancy, and these findings highlight the importance of public health programmes targeting these vulnerable adolescent girls [17,18]. We also Tau-protein kinase concluded that the unintended pregnancy rate of 56% in our population was significantly higher than the rate in the U.S. and Ontario general populations (49 and 30%, respectively) [10,13]. Finer elegantly showed, in the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth, that unintended pregnancies resulted in higher rates of abortion (42%) but lower rates of fetal loss (14%) compared with those with intended pregnancies (0% abortion rate, 20% fetal loss) [10]. Finer also assessed correlates of unintended pregnancies and found that Black and Hispanic women had more unintended pregnancies than White women.

Mineralization of [14C]phenanthrene to 14CO2 was measured in contaminated soils at temperatures down to 0 °C and sizable naphthalene-, undecane-, biphenyl- and phenanthrene-degrading Fulvestrant cell line populations were measured by microplate-based most-probable-number analysis. Cloning and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, focused on the dominant phenanthrene-degrading bacteria, revealed strains related to bacteria previously found in cold and contaminated environments. Overall, we provide evidence

for the presence and potential activity of phenanthrene-degrading bacteria in polluted St. Nord soils and this study is the first to indicate an intrinsic bioremediation potential in hydrocarbon-contaminated soils from the Greenland High Arctic. The Arctic warming and the reduction in the polar ice sheet during the last few years (Graversen et al., 2008) will boost human activity in the High Arctic regions of Greenland. This will inevitably lead to increased inputs of anthropogenic compounds and the issue arises as to whether an intrinsic attenuation

potential is present in these areas. Intrinsic remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons under cold conditions have been indicated before (Bradley & Chapelle, 1995; Aislabie et al., 1998; Rike et al., 2005) and contaminated alpine, Antarctic and Arctic soils may harbour hydrocarbon-degrading populations (Margesin & Schinner, www.selleckchem.com/products/epacadostat-incb024360.html 2001; Rike et al., 2003; Saul et al., 2005; Aislabie et al., 2006). In some cases, however, the natural attenuation potential present in these cold environments is insufficient to clean up soils within a reasonable time and active bioremediation approaches have been suggested (Filler et al., 2001; Margesin & Schinner, 2001). Studies on contaminant degradation in High Arctic regions have until now addressed areas in Alaska (Bradley & Chapelle, 1995; Filler et al., 2001), Canada (Whyte et al., 2001) and Svalbard (Rike et al., 2003, 2005), but no studies have focused on the Greenland

High Arctic. Previous studies have mainly focused on the fate of easily biodegradable oil fractions, whereas knowledge on the biodegradation Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Arctic regions is lacking. Station Nord (St. Nord) is a military base operated by the Danish army located at 81°36′N and 16°40′W approximately 500 miles from the geographical North Pole. The area is an Arctic desert with an average annual air temperature of −14 °C and <100 mm annual precipitation. The temperature can reach 16 °C during the summer period and down to −50 °C during the winter. St. Nord is a gateway to the national park in the northern part of Greenland as well as the North Pole and the storage and handling of fuels have led to accidental spillage. In addition, St.

The associations between

older age and typical patient outcomes in HIV-positive patients from the Asia Pacific region are similar in AHOD and TAHOD. Our data indicate that ‘age effects’ traverse the AZD8055 supplier resource-rich and resource-limited divide and that future ageing-related findings might be applicable to each setting. “
“Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a risk factor for HIV infection. Little is known, however, about the prevalence, clinical associations, and impact of IPV among patients living with HIV. HIV-infected gay and bisexual men in Southern Alberta, Canada were screened for IPV between May 2009 and December 2011. The associations with IPV of sociodemographic factors, psychological factors, clinical status, and HIV-related and HIV-unrelated hospitalizations, data

for which were obtained from a regional database, were evaluated using Poisson regression. Of 687 gay and bisexual patients, 22.4% had experienced one or several types of IPV. Patients disclosing IPV were more likely to be Aboriginal [adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) = 2.48; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18–5.20], to be younger (APR/year = 0.97; 95% CI 0.95–0.99), to be victims of childhood abuse (APR = 4.27; 95% CI 2.84–6.41), to be smokers (APR = 2.53; 95% CI 1.59–4.00), to have had depression prior to HIV diagnosis (APR = 1.87; 95% CI 1.10–3.16), to use ongoing psychiatric resources BI 6727 clinical trial (APR = 3.53; 95% CI 2.05–6.10), to have recently

participated in unprotected sex (APR = 2.29; 95% CI 1.10–4.77), and to have poor or fair vs. very good or excellent health-related quality of life (APR = 2.91; 95% CI 1.57–5.39). IPV was also associated with a higher rate of clinically relevant interruptions in care (APR = 1.95; 95% CI 1.23–3.08), a higher incidence of AIDS among patients presenting early to care (CD4 count ≥ 200 cells/μL; APR = 2.06; 95% CI 1.15–3.69), and an increased rate of HIV-related hospitalizations [relative risk (RR) = 1.55; 95% CI 0.99–2.33], Adenylyl cyclase especially after HIV diagnosis was established (RR = 2.46; 95% CI 1.51–3.99). The prevalence of IPV is high among HIV-infected gay and bisexual men and is associated with poor social, psychiatric, and medical outcomes. IPV is an under-recognized social determinant of health in this community that may be amenable to meaningful clinical interventions. “
“We investigated whether adverse responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) associated with late HIV presentation are secondary to low CD4 cell count per se or other confounding factors.

, 1968; Puhalla, 1968). By auxotrophic complementation experiments, Holliday (1974) has isolated solopathogenic strains of U. maydis that Lapatinib price are diploid cells able to grow in axenic culture. Such strains are useful genetic tools, leading to the discovery that cell signalling transduction pathways involved in mating, virulence, dimorphism and cell cycle are intertwined processes (Banuett & Herskowitz, 1988, 1989; Kahmann &

Kamper, 2004). In spite of the genetic interest of the solopathogenic strains, their incidence in the biology of Ustilaginaceae is poorly documented. In the present study, we compare the ability of teliospores from three species of smut fungi to form solopathogenic yeasts: Sporisorium reilianum f.sp. zeae (Khün) Langdon & Fullerton, U. maydis and

Moesziomyces penicillariae (Bref.) Vánky. Sporisorium reilianum f.sp. zeae is the causal agent of maize head smut, infecting maize plantlets via the roots under field conditions (Matyac & Kommedahl, 1985; Martinez et al., 2000, 2002). Ustilago maydis, causing common smut of maize, is known to be infective on different aerial parts of corn (Agrios, 1993). Moesziomyces penicillariae is a pathogen of pearl millet, largely present in the subsahelian zone. It is an airborne pathogen spread by the wind but also by insects infecting young inflorescences (Baht, 1946; Wilson, 1995). We designed a protocol on S. reilianum Selumetinib solubility dmso to isolate solopathogenic strains based on the isolation of stable fuzzy strains from germinated teliospores. crotamiton This approach was applied on the three Ustilaginaceae species to compare their frequency of formation of solopathogenic strains. Sori of S. reilianum f.sp. zeae (Kühn) Landon & Fullerton were collected from seven cornfields in France (Arçais, Deux Sèvres; Bischoffsheim, Bas Rhin; Buros, Pyrénées Atlantiques; Corbreuse, Essonne; Gourville, Charente; Montclar-Lauragais, Haute Garonne; Saint Ciers, Gironde, France). Two compatible

haploid yeast strains, SRZN and SRZM, were isolated from a sample collected in Saint Ciers (Gironde). Moesziomyces penicillariae (Bref.) Vánky sori were collected in pearl millet fields in 10 areas of Senegal (Doubalampor; Kaffrine; Keur Baka; Koumpentoum; Louga; Mountôgou; Mpack; Rao; Tambacounda; Ziguinchor) (Diagne-Lèye, 2005). Ustilago maydis (DC) Corda galls were collected in corn fields at Le Vernet, Muret (Haute Garonne, France), Pau (Hautes Pyrénées, France) and Gerona (Catalunya, Spain). The haploid, compatible strains SRZN and SRZM were inoculated in maize and the resulting teliospores were collected 6 weeks later. These teliospores were then sterilized by Chloramine T 3% for 15 min, rinsed twice with sterilized water and resuspended in water at a concentration of 500 cells mL−1. A volume of 100 μL of this suspension was spread on water–agar (3%) medium.

Dubinsky et al.[22] demonstrated a correlation between 6TGN levels and remission, as well as a correlation between higher 6TGN levels and leucopenia. This correlation has also been documented in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia[35] as well as heart and renal transplantation literature.[36, 37] High 6TGN

levels have also been associated with an increased risk of any adverse event. In a retrospective selleck chemicals llc Swedish study of 364 IBD patients, 41% of patients with a 6TGN above 400 experienced an adverse event (P = 0.005), including myelotoxicity and gastrointestinal disturbances.[38] Prior to the advent of thiopurine metabolite testing, standard clinical practice suggested that, if a patient on thiopurine therapy develops hepatotoxicity

(as evidenced by elevated transaminases and/or cholestatic enzymes with or without a rise in bilirubin), the offending agent should be withdrawn and a patient should be labelled as having an ‘allergy’ to thiopurines. As such, thiopurines could no longer be considered as a potential therapeutic option again for that patient. The Canadian group that originally discovered the minimum therapeutic threshold for 6TGN found that high levels of 6MMP were associated with hepatotoxicity in the form of elevated levels of hepatic transaminases. In total, 16 of 92 patients (17%) developed hepatotoxicity. Median 6MMP levels in patients with hepatotoxicity were 5463, compared with 2213 for those with normal liver enzymes. If 6MMP levels were above 5700, the risk of hepatotoxicity check details increased by a factor of three (18% vs. 6%). There was no correlation with 6MMP levels and therapeutic response or 6MP dose. There was also no correlation between 6TGN levels and hepatotoxicity.[22] learn more Patients who preferentially

produce 6MMP rather than 6TGN are known as ‘thiopurine shunters’ (see below). This group, characterized by having a 6MMP to 6TGN ratio > 20, is at risk for hepatotoxicity and possibly refractoriness to standard thiopurine therapy. There are two major drug interactions with thiopurines with direct relevance to metabolite testing. The first is with allopurinol, a potent inhibitor of XO, one of the critical enzymes involved in thiopurine metabolism. Allopurinol has been the mainstay of treatment for gout for many years.[39] Traditional teaching has dictated that because the combination of full dose allopurinol and thiopurines causes profound myelosuppression, the two drugs should never be given in combination.[38] More recently, the effect of allopurinol on thiopurine metabolism is being used to advantage (see below). The second interaction is with 5-aminosalicylates (balsalazide, mesalasine, olsalazine or sulphasalazine), used frequently in IBD patients and sometimes in rheumatological conditions. Studies in vitro have shown that sulphasalazine and olsalazine can inhibit TPMT,[40, 41] suggesting that concomitant 5ASA may increase 6TGN levels and potentially lead to myelosuppression.

Very little is known about the relative influence of context on sub-cortical vs. cortical

structures in the auditory system, and current models of the auditory system cannot easily explain this aspect of the results. It is hoped that click here future studies can address these questions further by examining functional interactions between multiple regions of the auditory hierarchy during the processing of extended stimulus sequences. An important new finding from our study is that ISS during music listening extends beyond auditory regions of superior temporal cortex. Of particular interest is the identification of right-lateralized regions of the IFG, including BAs 45 and 47, as well as the PGa subdivision of the inferior parietal cortex. Importantly, ISS was greater for the Natural Music condition compared with both control conditions Nivolumab mw in these fronto-parietal regions (Fig. 6). These brain structures have been implicated in previous studies of music processing: the IFG has been implicated in processing temporal structure (Levitin & Menon, 2003, 2005) and violations of syntactic structure (Maess et al., 2001; Koelsch, 2005),

and the AG has been implicated in musical memory (Platel et al., 2003). Beyond the processing of these specific musical features, however, our results from the ISS analysis indicate that activity in these fronto-parietal structures is consistently synchronized to structural features in the musical stimulus, and suggest a role for these brain regions in the on-line tracking of musical structure. One possibility is that a fronto-parietal circuit involving right-hemisphere homologs of Broca’s and Geschwind’s areas support the processing of musical structure by engaging attentional and working memory resources necessary for the processing

of extended nonlinguistic stimulus sequences. These resources are probably necessary for holding musical phrases and passages in mind as a means of tracking the long-term structure of a musical Org 27569 stimulus. Consistent with this hypothesis, a recent study examining expectation violation in response to brief string quartet compositions showed that right-hemisphere SMG and BA 44 of Broca’s area are modulated by musical expertise, and may underlie enhanced attention and working memory function in musicians (Oechslin et al., 2012). Our analysis also revealed significant ISS in the PMC, MCC and pre-central gyrus in response to the Natural Music condition, and ISS was greater in these brain regions for the Natural Music condition relative to the control conditions (Fig. 77B). The PMC and pre-central gyrus are associated with sensory-motor integration and motor imagery (Zatorre et al., 2007; Sammler et al., 2010).

693, P = 0.001). Additionally, two questions included in selleck the musical background questionnaire were designed to probe the contribution of factors other than musical training to potential group differences. Such factors were the amount of exposure to music not directly related to training and experience with video games, with the latter having a potential to increase

the speed of responses (Dye et al., 2009). To evaluate group differences in relation to the above factors, we asked the following questions: (1) How many hours a week do you listen to music? (2) How many hours a week do you play video games? The two groups did not differ on either factor (listening to music, t34 = 0.851, P = 0.401; playing video games, t34 = −0.515, P = 0.61). A summary of ACC and RT measures for both groups is shown in Table 3. In both musicians and non-musicians deviant sounds were associated with significantly lower ACC and longer RT compared with standard sounds, thus confirming that timbre changes were in fact distracting: RT F1,34 = 161.918, P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.826; ACC F1,34 = 43.918, P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.564. With regard to ACC, there was a significant effect of group, with

musicians performing overall more accurately (F1,34 = 10.661, P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.239). A group by sound type (voice, music) by stimulus type (standard, deviant) interaction showed a trend toward significance (F1,34 = 3.372, P = 0.075, ηp2 = 0.09), with Osimertinib order musicians being equally accurate when classifying either

musical or vocal deviants (F1,18 < 1), but with non-musicians being significantly less accurate when classifying music deviants compared with voice deviants (F1,16 = 9.971, P < 0.01, ηp2 = 0.384). Additionally, the naturalness (NAT, ROT) by sound type (voice, music) interaction was also significant (F1,34 = 7.491, P = 0.01, ηp2 = 0.181) due to the fact that in the NAT condition participants were overall more accurate when classifying vocal sounds compared with musical sounds (F1,36 = 17.624, P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.335). This difference was, however, absent in the ROT condition (F1,36 < 1). We also calculated a difference in accuracy between standards and deviants (see Table 3). ADAM7 This measure shows the degree of impairment at doing the duration discrimination task as a result of timbre change. The group difference was marginally significant (F1,34 = 3.462, P = 0.071, ηp2 = 0.092), with musicians’ temporal discrimination accuracy being impaired to a lesser degree by the irrelevant timbre change. In addition, the group by sound type (voice, music) interaction also trended toward significance (F1,34 = 3.372, P = 0.075, ηp2 = 0.09). Follow-up analyses revealed that musicians were distracted to the same degree by vocal and musical timbre changes (F1,18 < 1), while non-musicians found musical timbre changes more distracting (F1,16 = 7.64, P = 0.014, ηp2 = 0.323).

Cahill and George McKinley, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, USA; Mogens Jensenius, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Andy Wang and Jane Eason, Beijing United Family Hospital and Clinics, Beijing, People’s Republic of China; Watcharapong Piyaphanee and Udomsak Silachamroon, Mahidol University,

Bangkok, Thailand; Marc Mendelson and Peter Vincent, University of Cape Town and Tokai Medicross Travel Clinic, Cape Town, South Africa; and Rogelio López-Vélez and Jose Antonio Perez Molina, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. “
“We are grateful for the opportunity to respond to Dr Bauer’s letter. We are disappointed that Dr Bauer has found lacking

the open process by which the reported research priorities were identified. We reiterate that all members of the Committee and Epacadostat solubility dmso ISTM membership were given the opportunity for input into the inventory of research priorities. Comments were widely sought as part of the process and the results are simply as described. Since the process occurred over several years, some readers may not recall the call for input. We emphasize again that we did not attempt to provide an exhaustive list of possible study areas, but instead we concentrated on the intersection of both research gaps and potential impact to practice. We concur that, as with other Proteasome purification Thymidine kinase medical specialties, travel medicine benefits from both quantitative and qualitative studies, so our evidence review included currently available qualitative studies, although they were overshadowed by others in impact. As stated by Dr Bauer, “travel medicine

stands and falls with people (the travelers) and their attitudes and behavior.” In addition, we believe that those involved in providing travel medicine services can improve travel medicine by engaging in meaningful collaboration, open communication, and strengthening the growing evidence base. Elizabeth A. Talbot, * Lin H. Chen, †‡ Christopher Sanford, § Anne McCarthy, ‖ and Karin Leder ¶# “
“The data are clear: meningococcal disease is rare in travelers, but it is a devastating disease when it does occur.1 The course of the disease is often fulminant, with a very narrow time window between diagnosis and treatment. This makes the prognosis worse in travelers to remote areas with limited or delayed access to high-quality medical care. Even with timely and appropriate treatment, case-fatality rates are high (10%–14%) and up to 20% of survivors suffer serious permanent sequelae. The estimated incidence in travelers varies widely, between 0.04 and 640 per 100,000 depending on destination.2,3 Compared with yellow fever, with a reported incidence between 0.05 and 50 per 100,000 travelers, meningococcal disease occurs more frequently.

, 2006; Park et al., 2007; Tamang et al., 2008; Carattoli, 2009; Strahilevitz et al., 2009). The aim of this study was to demonstrate the expression of an inducible acquired pACBL in S. marcescens and Escherichia coli isolates from the same patient. Moreover, as the E. coli isolate

showed reduced susceptibility to quinolones, plasmid-encoded quinolone resistance (PMQR) were also screened. Bacterial isolates were recovered from a urine specimen collected during nephrostomy in a 68-year-old patient who had initially undergone BCG instillation therapy and was later treated surgically by radical selleck cyst-prostatectomy for a vesicle and ureteral transitional cell carcinoma. This patient carried an ileal conduit. Conjugation assays were performed using the broth mating method at 37 °C. Selleckchem ERK inhibitor Escherichia coli and S. marcescens isolates suspected to harbour pACBL were used as donor strains. As a recipient strain, we used the E. coli HB101 (UA6190), which expresses a green fluorescent protein marker and is resistant to rifampin, gentamicin

and kanamycin. Briefly, donor and recipient cells from exponentially growing cultures [3 h at 37 °C with agitation in Luria–Bertani (LB) media] were mixed with a donor/recipient ratio of 1 : 1 and incubated overnight at 37 °C. Transconjugants were selected on LB agar supplemented with ceftazidime (10 μg mL−1) and rifampin (100 μg mL−1) and were exposed to UV illumination. Isolates were identified using the API System 20E (bioMérieux, Marcy l’Étoile, France). The disc diffusion susceptibility test was performed on both donor and transconjugant strains, according to Clinical

Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, using commercially available discs (Neo-Sensitabs, Rosco Diagnostica S/A, Taastrup, Denmark). The antimicrobial agents included were ampicillin, piperacillin, cephalotin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, cefepime, aztreonam, imipenem, cefoxitin, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, piperacillin–tazobactam, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxin, sulphonamides, trimethoprim, trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, rifampin, tetracycline, gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, amikacin and streptomycin. The inducible AmpC β-lactamase was suspected when antagonism between oxyimino-β-lactams and imipenem or cefoxitin was observed Molecular motor on primary antibiogram plates. The presence of scattered colonies in the inhibition halo of cefoxitin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and aztreonam was also examined (Mirelis et al., 2006). Antimicrobial resistance genes present in donor and transconjugant strains were studied. ampC genes were characterized using a previously described multiplex PCR (Pérez-Pérez & Hanson, 2002). Specific primers used to obtain the complete blaDHA-1 gene sequence were: DHA-1A 5′-CTG ATG AAA AAA TCG TTA TC-3′ and DHA-1B 5′-ATT CCA GTG CAC TCC AAA ATA-3′. PCR conditions were one cycle of denaturation at 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 30 cycles at 95 °C for 1 min, annealing at 55 °C for 1 min and elongation at 72 °C for 1 min.

Participants were asked to estimate their current pain prevalence and severity (an 11-point numerical scale) and also to estimate what these would be in the absence of any treatment. The questionnaire was piloted before being distributed. Non-respondents were sent a reminder

and replacement questionnaire. Acceptability and validity of the pain management questions were assessed by interviewing a random sample of 20 participants who had provided contact details. The interview included a check on current medications (based on a brown bag review). The item agreement between answers to the questionnaire, and the answers to the http://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd5363.html same questions at the interview, was assessed using a sensitivity analysis, and the Prevalence And Bias Adjusted Kappa (PABAK). Differences in perceived pain prevalence and severity in the presence and absence of pain management were assessed for significance (95% confidence interval; Wilcoxon signed rank test) The study was approved by the North of Scotland Research Ethics Committee. One thousand six hundred four (36.3%)

patients returned a completed questionnaire. The agreement between responses to questions in the questionnaire was ‘almost perfect’ as demonstrated by selleck screening library a PABAK of 0.95. Taking the interview data as the gold standard, the questionnaire had a sensitivity of 91.9% and a specificity of 97.9%. Participants reported that there were no difficulties in completing the pain management questions. Current pain was reported by 50.5% (95%CI = 48.0, 52.9) Aspartate of respondents; when the effect of current pain management was taken into account, this increased to 56.2% (95%CI = 53.7, 58.7). This difference was statistically significant (difference = 5.7%; 95%CI = 2.2, 9.2). Likewise, when pain management was taken into account, perceived pain severity was significantly increased (p < 0.001) from a median of 3 (IQR = 2, 6) to a median of 6 (IQR = 4, 8). Incorporating pain management

questions into pain surveys is feasible. It results in increased estimates of pain prevalence and severity, because respondents report their pain without the benefit of treatment . This is the first study that has quantified the under-reporting of pain when pain management is not taken into account. Future studies of pain should collect and consider pain management information when assessing the burden of pain. 1. Bruhn H et al., 2013. Pharmacist-led management of chronic pain in primary care: results from a randomised controlled exploratory trial. BMJ Open, vol. 3, no. 4. A. N. Rasheda,b, C. Whittleseac, B. Forbesa, S. Tomlina,b aKing’s College London, King’s Health Partners, London, UK, bEvelina London Children’s Hospital, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK, cDurham University, London, UK No standard guidance for intravenous nurse/patient-controlled analgesia preparation in current practice.