, 2012). They are involved in the fine tuning of the VraR-dependent expression of the CWSS and have different affinities for VraR or phosphorylated VraR (Belcheva & Golemi-Kotra, 2008; Belcheva et al., 2012). VraR-binding sites in other CWSS promoters have so far only been studied in silico. A 16-bp palindromic sequence TCAGHCTnnAGDCTGA (H = A, T, C; D = A, T, G), deduced from the VraR homologue CesR in L. lactis (Martinez et al., 2007) selleck products and partially overlapping the motif identified by Belcheva et al., is present in the promoters of 26 VraSR-dependent genes of the S. aureus N315 genome

(Martinez et al., 2007). As we found the induction levels of the three LCP genes and of the highly induced CWSS gene sas016 to vary over a wide range, we analysed their specific VraR-binding motifs. The transcriptional start sites of msrR, sa0908 and sa2103 are known (Rossi et al., 2003; Over et al., 2011), and the transcriptional start site of sas016 was determined by primer extension to be 29-nt upstream of the ATG (data not shown). Potential VraR-binding sites were predicted in all four promoters investigated in this study, based on previously published motifs (Martinez et al., 2007; Belcheva & Golemi-Kotra, 2008; Belcheva et al., 2012). These sequences were then disrupted and/or deleted in the promoter regions of luciferase reporter gene constructs (Fig. 2). Disruption of the predicted motifs

decreased basal expression Ponatinib levels and largely abolished induction by oxacillin (Fig. 2). In all four promoters, the regions essential selleck compound for induction were located close to the −35 boxes. The promoter of sas016 contained a second region that was found to be essential for full induction. The presence of two VraR-binding sites could contribute to the extremely high induction levels of sas016. Alignment of the nucleotide sequences from the VraR-binding regions identified here revealed no obvious consensus sequence. The high-affinity VraR-binding region in the vraSR operon promoter (Belcheva et al., 2012) and the tcaA promoter region required for induction (McCallum et al., 2007)

were both also in close proximity to their respective −35 box. The msrR promoter region needed for induction corresponded to the CesR-like motif identified in silico by Martinez et al. (2007; Fig. 2); however, deletion of the suggested CesR-binding region for sa0908 did not affect transcription (data not shown). For the promoters of sas016 and sa2103, no CesR-like binding sites were previously predicted (Martinez et al., 2007); however, the VraR-binding sites identified here both contained potential CesR-like sequences. To create a reliable VraR-binding consensus for S. aureus CWSS gene induction, detailed promoter analysis of more VraSR-dependent genes is required. The trend, however, seems to involve sequences with a close proximity to the −35 box of the CWSS gene promoter.

hiv-druginteractions.org) (GPP]). There are few data to guide prescribing of initial ART specifically for women, as no RCT in patients starting ART has been powered to detect sex differences in efficacy. From the limited data available, virological outcomes within clinical trial settings generally appear to be no different between men and women. A meta-analysis of FDA registrational RCTs analysed data from 22 411 HIV-positive patients participating in 43 trials for 16 ARVs. Overall, 20% of study participants were women. No significant differences

in treatment response at week 48 were reported between men and women. Rates of ART discontinuation for virological failure were higher in men (8.15%) than in women (4.25%) [5]. A subanalysis of an RCT comparing ATV/r and LPV/r in ART-naïve patients of whom 31% were women, showed comparable virological MK-1775 efficacy at week 96 between Fulvestrant the two treatment arms in women [6], although virological response rates were lower in women when compared with men. In a study comparing ATV/r and EFV in 1857 ART-naïve patients of whom 17% were women, female sex was associated with increased virological failure on ATV/r compared with EFV [7].

No difference was seen with EFV between men and women. The efficacy and tolerability of RAL were shown not to be different between men and women at 48 weeks in one study of a diverse cohort of both treatment-naïve and -experienced patients [8]. RPV in ART-naïve men and women showed no difference in rates of virological suppression Cyclin-dependent kinase 3 at 48 and 96 weeks between men and women, but the number of women included was low and the study was not designed to investigate sex differences [9, 10]. Cohort studies in the

UK have reported similar virological outcomes during the first year of treatment in heterosexual men and women [11]. An Italian cohort study reported no significant effect of gender on clinical progression or the risk of developing a clinical event [12]. Data from Spain, which included both naïve and ARV-experienced women patients, showed them with similar virological responses to men [13]. HIV-positive women starting ART should use ARVs from the list of preferred and alternative drugs outlined in Section 5.1 (What to start: summary recommendations). Factors, including potential for side effects, drug interactions, patient preference, co-morbidities and dosing convenience need to be taken into consideration when selecting ART regimens in individual women. Adverse events and treatment discontinuations within ART clinical trials and cohort studies published between 2002 and 2007 have been systematically reviewed. The overall event rate is often the same but the adverse event profile may be different.

To date, the risk factors linked to immunological nonresponsiveness are a lower nadir CD4 cell count before

therapy [6], lower pre-HAART HIV RNA levels, Selleckchem CAL101 older age, male gender, hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection, injecting drug use (IDU), and of course poor adherence to therapy [7,8]. In addition, one study from France showed that Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infections also predicted immunological nonresponsiveness [9]. We reviewed the records of all HAART-naïve patients with AIDS presenting with CD4 counts of <100 cells/μL at two Infectious Diseases Units in Italy (one located in Verona in the north-east of Italy and the other in Cosenza in the south) and investigated whether opportunistic infections or cancers recorded at presentation had an effect on subsequent immune reconstitution on HAART. Fifty-three patients with these characteristics were identified in Verona and 20 in Cosenza (73 Ponatinib in total). Fifty-one patients (69%) were men. Their median age was 43 years. Thirty-two patients (43%) were men who have sex with men, 15 (20%) were injecting drug users, and the others were heterosexual. All patients who were

injecting drug users were HCV-coinfected. Twenty patients (27%) had Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, nine (12%) disseminated MAC infections, eight (11%) cryptococcal meningitis, eight (11%) neurotoxoplasmosis, seven (10%) Candida spp. oesophagitis, six (8%) tuberculosis, six (8%) disseminated Cytomegalovirus infection,

four (5%) non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, L-NAME HCl three (4%) Kaposi’s sarcoma, and two (3%) progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. The median CD4 T-cell count at the time of HAART initiation was 60.68 cells/μL and the median HIV RNA viral load was 572,633 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL. The median follow-up time was 6.5 years. Six patients were nonadherent and excluded from the analysis. After a median follow-up period of 3 years, all 67 adherent patients included in the analysis had sustained viral load suppression (HIV RNA <50 copies/mL), and the median CD4 T-cell count was 391.79 cells/μL. In the analysis of relationships with presenting opportunistic infections or cancers, a lower increase in CD4 T-cell count (median 59.75 cells/μL) and total lymphocyte count (median 74.21 cells/μL) was found only in patients who had experienced MAC infections.

1.1 where maternal VL at 36 weeks’ gestation/delivery is not <50 HIV RNA copies/mL. Grading: 2C 8.1.4 Neonatal post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) should be commenced very soon after birth, certainly within 4 h. Grading: 1C 8.1.5 Neonatal PEP should be continued for 4 weeks. Grading: 1C 8.2.1 Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis, with co-trimoxazole, should be initiated from age 4 weeks in:     • HIV-positive infants. Grading: 1C   • Infants with an initial positive HIV DNA/RNA test result (and

continued until HIV infection has been excluded). Grading: 1C   • Infants whose mother’s VL at 36 weeks gestational age or at delivery is >1000 HIV RNA copies/mL despite HAART or unknown (and continued until HIV infection has been excluded). Grading: 2D 8.3.1 Infants born to HIV-positive mothers Obeticholic Acid should follow the routine national primary immunization schedule. Grading: 1D 8.4.1 All mothers known to be HIV positive, regardless of ART, and infant PEP, should be advised to exclusively formula feed from birth. Grading: 1A 8.4.2 In the very rare instance where a mother who is on effective HAART with a BAY 80-6946 chemical structure repeatedly undetectable VL

chooses to breastfeed, this should not constitute grounds for automatic referral to child protection teams. Maternal HAART should be carefully monitored and continued until 1 week after all breastfeeding has ceased. Breastfeeding, except during the weaning period, should be exclusive and all breastfeeding, including the weaning period, should have been completed by the end of 6 months.

Grading: 1B 8.4.3 Prolonged infant prophylaxis during the breastfeeding period, as opposed to maternal HAART, is not recommended. Grading: 1D 8.4.4 Intensive Clomifene support and monitoring of the mother and infant are recommended during any breastfeeding period, including monthly measurement of maternal HIV plasma VL, and monthly testing of the infant for HIV by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HIV DNA or RNA (VL). Grading: 1D 8.5.1 HIV DNA PCR (or HIV RNA testing) should be performed on the following occasions: Grading: 1C   ○ During the first 48 h and before hospital discharge.     ○ 2 weeks post infant prophylaxis (6 weeks of age).     ○ 2 months post infant prophylaxis (12 weeks of age).     ○ On other occasions if additional risk (e.g. breast-feeding).   8.5.2 HIV antibody testing for seroreversion should be done at age 18 months Grading: 1C 9.1 Antenatal HIV care should be delivered by a multidisciplinary team (MDT), the precise composition of which will vary. Grading: 1D Proportion of pregnant women newly diagnosed with HIV having a sexual health screen. Proportion of newly diagnosed women, requiring HAART for their own health, starting treatment within 2 weeks of diagnosis. Proportion of women who have commenced ART by beginning of week 24 of pregnancy.

1.1 where maternal VL at 36 weeks’ gestation/delivery is not <50 HIV RNA copies/mL. Grading: 2C 8.1.4 Neonatal post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) should be commenced very soon after birth, certainly within 4 h. Grading: 1C 8.1.5 Neonatal PEP should be continued for 4 weeks. Grading: 1C 8.2.1 Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis, with co-trimoxazole, should be initiated from age 4 weeks in:     • HIV-positive infants. Grading: 1C   • Infants with an initial positive HIV DNA/RNA test result (and

continued until HIV infection has been excluded). Grading: 1C   • Infants whose mother’s VL at 36 weeks gestational age or at delivery is >1000 HIV RNA copies/mL despite HAART or unknown (and continued until HIV infection has been excluded). Grading: 2D 8.3.1 Infants born to HIV-positive mothers learn more should follow the routine national primary immunization schedule. Grading: 1D 8.4.1 All mothers known to be HIV positive, regardless of ART, and infant PEP, should be advised to exclusively formula feed from birth. Grading: 1A 8.4.2 In the very rare instance where a mother who is on effective HAART with a Trichostatin A datasheet repeatedly undetectable VL

chooses to breastfeed, this should not constitute grounds for automatic referral to child protection teams. Maternal HAART should be carefully monitored and continued until 1 week after all breastfeeding has ceased. Breastfeeding, except during the weaning period, should be exclusive and all breastfeeding, including the weaning period, should have been completed by the end of 6 months.

Grading: 1B 8.4.3 Prolonged infant prophylaxis during the breastfeeding period, as opposed to maternal HAART, is not recommended. Grading: 1D 8.4.4 Intensive Uroporphyrinogen III synthase support and monitoring of the mother and infant are recommended during any breastfeeding period, including monthly measurement of maternal HIV plasma VL, and monthly testing of the infant for HIV by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HIV DNA or RNA (VL). Grading: 1D 8.5.1 HIV DNA PCR (or HIV RNA testing) should be performed on the following occasions: Grading: 1C   ○ During the first 48 h and before hospital discharge.     ○ 2 weeks post infant prophylaxis (6 weeks of age).     ○ 2 months post infant prophylaxis (12 weeks of age).     ○ On other occasions if additional risk (e.g. breast-feeding).   8.5.2 HIV antibody testing for seroreversion should be done at age 18 months Grading: 1C 9.1 Antenatal HIV care should be delivered by a multidisciplinary team (MDT), the precise composition of which will vary. Grading: 1D Proportion of pregnant women newly diagnosed with HIV having a sexual health screen. Proportion of newly diagnosed women, requiring HAART for their own health, starting treatment within 2 weeks of diagnosis. Proportion of women who have commenced ART by beginning of week 24 of pregnancy.

1.1 where maternal VL at 36 weeks’ gestation/delivery is not <50 HIV RNA copies/mL. Grading: 2C 8.1.4 Neonatal post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) should be commenced very soon after birth, certainly within 4 h. Grading: 1C 8.1.5 Neonatal PEP should be continued for 4 weeks. Grading: 1C 8.2.1 Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis, with co-trimoxazole, should be initiated from age 4 weeks in:     • HIV-positive infants. Grading: 1C   • Infants with an initial positive HIV DNA/RNA test result (and

continued until HIV infection has been excluded). Grading: 1C   • Infants whose mother’s VL at 36 weeks gestational age or at delivery is >1000 HIV RNA copies/mL despite HAART or unknown (and continued until HIV infection has been excluded). Grading: 2D 8.3.1 Infants born to HIV-positive mothers Selleckchem Omipalisib should follow the routine national primary immunization schedule. Grading: 1D 8.4.1 All mothers known to be HIV positive, regardless of ART, and infant PEP, should be advised to exclusively formula feed from birth. Grading: 1A 8.4.2 In the very rare instance where a mother who is on effective HAART with a Raf inhibitor repeatedly undetectable VL

chooses to breastfeed, this should not constitute grounds for automatic referral to child protection teams. Maternal HAART should be carefully monitored and continued until 1 week after all breastfeeding has ceased. Breastfeeding, except during the weaning period, should be exclusive and all breastfeeding, including the weaning period, should have been completed by the end of 6 months.

Grading: 1B 8.4.3 Prolonged infant prophylaxis during the breastfeeding period, as opposed to maternal HAART, is not recommended. Grading: 1D 8.4.4 Intensive GPX6 support and monitoring of the mother and infant are recommended during any breastfeeding period, including monthly measurement of maternal HIV plasma VL, and monthly testing of the infant for HIV by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HIV DNA or RNA (VL). Grading: 1D 8.5.1 HIV DNA PCR (or HIV RNA testing) should be performed on the following occasions: Grading: 1C   ○ During the first 48 h and before hospital discharge.     ○ 2 weeks post infant prophylaxis (6 weeks of age).     ○ 2 months post infant prophylaxis (12 weeks of age).     ○ On other occasions if additional risk (e.g. breast-feeding).   8.5.2 HIV antibody testing for seroreversion should be done at age 18 months Grading: 1C 9.1 Antenatal HIV care should be delivered by a multidisciplinary team (MDT), the precise composition of which will vary. Grading: 1D Proportion of pregnant women newly diagnosed with HIV having a sexual health screen. Proportion of newly diagnosed women, requiring HAART for their own health, starting treatment within 2 weeks of diagnosis. Proportion of women who have commenced ART by beginning of week 24 of pregnancy.

Ina168m95-1 contains a conserved Occan element, named Occanm95-1, between sequences homologous to the 5′-flanking region of Occan3A3

and the 3′-flanking region of Occan9E12. In addition, sequence polymorphisms indicated a homologous recombination between Occan3A3 and Occan9E12, which resulted in Occanm95-1. Based on these observations, we propose the hypothesis that homologous recombination in the two Occan elements leads to the deletion of AVR-Pia in Ina168m95-1. INCB018424 in vivo “
“The cuticle of plants that covers the epidermis of cells, an interface between the fruit and the environment, has an important role to play in fruit quality because it prevents water loss and mechanical damage while simultaneously forming a barrier as it prevents phytopathogens from entering the fruit. All these factors give rise to flaws in the appearance of the fruit, thus contributing to marketing problems in the form of financial loss. In the search for solutions to some of these problems, certain biocontrolling yeasts have been introduced

in the last few years. In the study described here, the changes observed on the surface of the whole tomato were evaluated in vivo during the first 72 h after inoculation by spraying Candida guilliermondii yeast onto the fruit’s surface. The measurements were taken on a nanometric scale using atomic force microscopy; images were created in both contact and tapping modes. The results showed diminished roughness ICG-001 research buy of the surface, which could contribute to reduced phytopathogen

adherence due to the thinner contact area. These results furthermore showed that a yeast biofilm was formed on the fruit which probably helps to improve water retention inside the fruit. “
“Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) using ribosomal subunit proteins coded in the S10–spc-alpha operon as biomarkers was applied for the classification of the Sphingomonadaceae from the environment. To construct a ribosomal protein database, S10-spc-alpha operon of type strains selleck products of the Sphingomonadaceae and their related alkylphenol polyethoxylate (APEOn)-degrading bacteria were sequenced using specific primers designed based on nucleotide sequences of genome-sequenced strains. The observed MALDI mass spectra of intact cells were compared with the theoretical mass of the constructed ribosomal protein database. The nine selected biomarkers coded in the S10-spc-alpha operon, L18, L22, L24, L29, L30, S08, S14, S17, and S19, could successfully distinguish the Sphingopyxis terrae NBRC 15098T and APEOn-degrading bacteria strain BSN20, despite only one base difference in the 16S rRNA gene sequence.

After the training and the test sessions, the rats were dried and placed back in their home cages. The EPM test MAPK inhibitor was used to assess anxiety-like and exploratory behaviors, and consisted of two opposite open arms and two opposite closed arms (45 × 15 cm) connected by a central area (15 × 15 cm), elevated 70 cm above the floor. The test was

performed under dim light conditions. The rat was placed in the central square, and its behavior was observed for 5 min. During that time, the number of entries into and the time spent in the open and closed arms were measured. After each rat had been tested, the EPM was cleaned with a 10% ethanol solution. This test was performed as previously described (Ennaceur et al., 2005), and consisted of two phases. On the first day, two identical objects were placed in the back corners of an open click here box made of PVC (width, 80 cm; length, 80 cm; height, 50 cm), 10 cm away from the sidewall, and the rats

were placed facing away from the objects. The rat was allowed to explore the box for 3 min, and placed back in its home cage. After a 15-min delay, it was replaced in the box and allowed to explore it for another 3 min. This process was repeated five times (3 min each), with a 15-min interval between exposures. The second phase, performed 24 h later, consisted of placing the rat in the box for 3 min, and, after a 15-min interval, placing one of the objects in a different location (diagonally), and analysing the frequency and total duration of approaches to each object. A discrimination index was also used to evaluate possible memory deficits, calculated with the following equation – [(TNP − TOP)/(TNP + TOP) × 100], where TNP is the time spent in the new position, and TOP is the time spent in the old position. The rats were decapitated, their brains were removed, and the hippocampi were dissected on a cold surface. The tissue samples were weighed individually, and homogenised by sonication in 500 mL of extraction solution Urease (0.1 m perchloric acid containing

0.4 mm sodium metabisulfite and 0.2 mm EDTA) (Machado et al., 2008). The mobile phase was filtered through a 0.2-mm filter membrane, degassed under vacuum, and delivered at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min (HITACHI Pump System L-7100; LaChrom Elite, USA). Each sample was analysed in duplicate for the concentrations of 5-HT and the metabolite 5-HIAA. Recovery of the analytes was determined by adding a fixed concentration of the internal standard dihydroxybenzylamine before tissue homogenisation. An automatic injector (HITACHI L-7250, cut injection method) was utilised to improve the reproducibility of injections. All standards and salts were purchased from Sigma (USA), and the solvents (high-performance liquid chromatography grade) were purchased from J. T. Baker (USA).

For this noninterventional study in our patient cohort, a votum of the AMC ethics committee was not required. The main outcome measure was the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of TRD. Incidence rates (IRs) were calculated by dividing Lenvatinib in vitro the number of TRDs by traveled time in weeks. IRRs were calculated as the IR of specific groups of travelers (eg, travelers with underlying

conditions) divided by the IR of a reference group (eg, healthy travelers). Confidence intervals for IRRs were calculated using episheet. We compared duration of TRD in days in those treated with pre-travel and during travel prescribed antibiotics and duration of travel in days for persons with and without TRD using an independent samples t-test. Statistical analysis was performed using PASWstatistics18 (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA). The study population included 420 patients

who were found eligible. Baseline buy PLX3397 characteristics of the study population are presented in Table 1. The telephone questionnaire was answered by 345 of 420 (82.1%) patients and 100 of 123 (81.3%) healthy travelers. Main groups consisted of travelers with HIV, a reduced gastric barrier, diabetes mellitus, and immune-suppressants, as shown in Table 2. Of 345 patients, 90 were aged over 60. Many of these 60+ travelers had a cardiac disorder (37/90, 41%), a reduced gastric barrier (32/90, 35.6%), or diabetes mellitus (15/90, 16.7%). At least one health problem was reported in 144 (39.7%) patients. We excluded 45 noninfectious health problems, resulting in 99 (27.8%) relevant health problems. Compared to healthy travelers, all pre-existing conditions had a high risk of TRD (Table 2). The highest IRRs were found for travelers using immune-suppressants, specifically Branched chain aminotransferase transplant-related drugs, prednisolone,

and antimetabolites. HIV positives with CD4 counts <500/µL and those with reduced gastric barriers also had high IRRs. No difference was found between age >60 and <60 within the group with underlying conditions [IRR 1.03, 95% CI (0.64–1.65)]. Protective hepatitis B serology was observed among 78 of 420 (18.6%) travelers with a medical history. In 71 (91.0%) travelers, serologic protection (anti-HBs GMT > 10UI/L) was recorded. In 7 (9.0%) travelers, serology showed an active hepatitis B infection. In addition, 27 (6.4%) travelers of the same group were vaccinated against the virus but protection was not verified serologically. Among the other 315 (75%) travelers with a medical history, all serologic markers were either negative (8.1%) or unknown (66.9%) (data not shown). Popular destinations were Africa (36.4%), Asia (31.9%), and Central/South America (19.6%) (Figure 1). Countries visited most frequently were Indonesia (61 visits), Surinam (55 visits), Ghana (39 visits), and Thailand (35 visits). Table 3 shows the effect of travel destinations compared to Southeast Asia on TRD. The highest IRRs were observed for travelers to Central America [IRR 2.78, 95% CI (0.

We know that

H/R is associated with a poor prognosis, metastasis, and radio- and chemoresistance in a variety of human cancers.20 H/R can generate a mutated gene pool and set the field to select genes responsible for worse phenotypes. Managing tumor hypoxia may be an effective way to treat cancers.111 The authors thank Dr Hiromichi Hemmi for critical reading of this article. The authors also thank Mrs M. Koi and Mrs M. Garcia for editing the article. This work is supported by grants from Baylor Health Care System Foundation (No. 430538) and from NIH Grants R01-CA98572. “
“The purpose of this study was to compare prophylactic subcutaneous drainage plus subcuticular sutures versus staples for the risk of wound separation after skin closure following gynecologic malignancy surgery, selleck chemicals and to investigate the risk factors of this procedure. Patients were divided into two groups: 120 patients who were treated with subcutaneous drainage plus subcuticular sutures (Suture group) and 201 patients with staples plus subcutaneous sutures (Staples group). In the Suture group, subcuticular tissue was approximated with interrupted 4-0 polydioxanone sutures, and adhesive closure strips were

used on the skin surface. A 3.3-mm closed drainage was implicated in subcutaneous tissue. In the Staples group, subcutaneous tissue was approximated with interrupted polyglactin (Vicryl, Ethicon) sutures. Baseline characteristics were not significantly different

between the two groups. Mean operation times were compatible ADAMTS5 (201 vs 196 min, P = 0.16). The incidence of wound separation was less in the Selleck Ganetespib Suture group than in the Staples group (3/120 vs 17/201, P = 0.033). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the Staples group was an independent risk factor for wound separation (odds ratio 7.34, 95% confidence interval: 1.59–33.91, P = 0.011), independent of obesity, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stages, and operation time. None of the 14 obese patients in the Suture group showed surgical wound separation. The combination of a prophylactic subcutaneous drain and subcuticular sutures reduced wound separation after skin closure following gynecologic malignancy surgery. With the information regarding risk factors established in this study, the above method provides the best results to minimize the risk, particularly in obese patients. “
“Aim:  The aim of the present study was to investigate associations between ovarian cancer survival and reproductive, gynecological and hormone factors. Material and Methods:  A prospective follow-up study was conducted in the Southeast of China. The cohort comprised 202 patients with histopathologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer who were enrolled during 1999–2000 and followed-up for 5 years subsequently. One hundred and ninety five (96.