p. for 3 weeks after HT). Based on these

results, ApoE-/- mice received 30Gy HIR in the median and left lobes 24 hr before intrasplenic injection of 106 hepatocytes from congeneic b-ga-lactosidase transgenic C57Bl/6 (ROSA-26) mice. Beginning 24 hr after HT, GC-1 was administered for 3 weeks. Other groups received HT only, HIR+HT or HT+GC-1. Serum cholesterol and ApoE levels were determined 2 days before, and 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks after HT. Liver repopulation was assessed by Immunofluorescence (IF) staining for ApoE+ donor cells and western blot analysis of ApoE, 12 weeks after HT. Results: In sham operated controls, cholesterol HSP inhibitor levels increased progressively for 12 weeks. In HT only or HIR+HT groups, cholesterol levels did not change significantly (P>0.5). In mice receiving HT+GC-1, cholesterol levels declined during the 2 weeks of GC-1 treatment (from 720+65 to 446+42 mg/dl, p<0.05), but increased after discontinuing

GC-1 (674+121 mg/dl). In contrast, in the HIR+HT+GC-1 group, cholesterol levels declined by 79% from pretreatment levels of 629+40 to near normal NU7441 ic50 levels 186+38 mg/dl (p<0.01) in 12 weeks. In this group, ApoE was detectable by western blot in the HIR-preconditioned liver lobes and IF staining showed massive (60-70%) repopulation by the ApoE+ hepatocytes. The livers of the HT only, HIR+HT or HT+GC-1 groups contained donor hepatocytes as single cells or in small clusters. Conclusions: We show for the first time that a TR-b agonist, GC-1, in combination with preparative HIR induces massive hepatic repopulation in mice with transplanted hepatocytes, resulting see more in marked amelioration of hypercholesterolemia in ApoE-deficient recipient mice. Unlike T3, GC-1 did not exhibit cardiac side effects. Preparative HIR in combination with GC-1, which is undergoing clinical trial for other indications,

may provide a novel effective regimen for HT-based treatment of inherited metabolic liver diseases. Disclosures: Markus Grompe – Board Membership: Yecuris Corp.; Consulting: Yecuris Corp.; Stock Shareholder: Yecuris Corp. The following people have nothing to disclose: Wei Zhang, Patrik Asp, Bhavapria Vaitheesvaran, Laibin Liu, Rafi Kabarriti, Hillary Yaffe, Rani Sellers, Namita Roy-Chowdhury, Jayanta Roy-Chowdhury, Thomas Scanlan, Chandan Guha Background and aims: The shortage of donor organs asks for new sources for transplantable bioengineered organs. The generation of full-size humanized organs based on animal matrix scaffolds providing an intact vascular network is a highly favourable solution. Recent decellularization methods are mostly time consuming, associated with high rinsing volumes and poorly standardized. In this study we describe a recirculating decellularization method to obtain a porcine liver matrix in only 24 hours under standardized processing.

This study was conducted to assess recent trends in negative appendectomy rates at our institution taking into account age, gender and ethnicity. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from the Universitas Hospital Complex (Universitas and Pelonomi Hospitals, Bloemfontein, South Africa) from 2005 to 2009. All

patients who had undergone surgery for clinically suspected acute appendicitis at the Pelonomi and Universitas Hospitals from PXD101 2005 to 2009 were included. Patients with incidental appendectomy were excluded, whilst those with other appendiceal pathologies, such as carcinoid and tuberculosis, who had presented as acute appendicitis, were included. The patients were stratified according to age, gender and ethnicity. Results: Between 2005 and 2009, 708 appendectomies were performed. Seven hundred and four (n = 704) of these were included in our study. Of these, 163 were negative appendectomies (23.3%). The age range was 4 to 84 years, with a median age of 20 (25th percentile 14 years and 75th percentile 29 years). The male : female ratio was 1.4 : 1. The percentage of negative appendectomies was greater selleck screening library amongst women than men (32.0% vs. 16.7%, respectively; p < 0.0001). The number of patients with negative appendices was higher in the childbearing age group (between 13 and 50) than in children (27.0% vs. 7.3%, respectively; p < 0.0001). The average rate of perforation was 32.8%

(231 of all patients). Ethnic distribution in our setting was 69.3% black patients, 11.2% white, 19.1% coloured and 0.4% other ethnic groups. When comparing negative appendectomies among patients by ethnicity, a statistically significant difference was found in the prevalence between black and white groups (18.4% vs. 39.2%, respectively; p < 0.0001). Other appendiceal histology was found in 0.9% of cases, with a prevalence of carcinoid tumour of the appendix found in 0.14% of our selleck kinase inhibitor study population. Conclusion: Negative appendectomy was found to have a relatively high prevalence, despite efforts to reduce the tendency. On the other hand, delays in referral and diagnosis may have led to an increase

of perforated appendicitis, with attendant increase in morbidity and mortality. More liberal use of imaging studies and laparoscopy should be assessed as means to improve diagnostic accuracy, particularly in children, the elderly and women of child-bearing age. Key Word(s): 1. appendicitis; 2. appendicectomy; 3. surgery; Presenting Author: WANG DAN Additional Authors: WANG JING, WANG LIBO, XU HONG Corresponding Author: XU HONG Affiliations: JiLin University Objective: To investigate the relationship between the multiple serum Helicobacter pylori antibodies and peptic ulcer or chronic gastritis, and evaluate the clinical application value of protein chip technique in detection of Helicobacter pylori infection. Methods: The antibodies CagA, VacA and Ure in 200 serum samples were detected by protein chip technique.

Compared with IFX, ADA tended to have longer time to reinduction (median 22 vs 37 months respectively, p = 0.07) and longer time from reinduction to objective reinduction failure (median 11 vs 21, p = 0.60), albeit the latter was non-significant. Post-reinduction, factors associated at least 12 months continuation on same anti-TNF included, for both ADA and IFX, no current IBD extra-intestinal

manifestation(s) OR 10.5, 95% CI [1.5,71.4](p = 0.01), no psychological comorbidity OR 6.7 [1.05, 42.4] (each p < 0.05), female sex OR 3.9 [0.8, 21.3](p = 0.1). Again, female sex was associated with continuation at 12 months post-induction for ADA (Fisher's exact, p < 0.04) but not for IFX (p = 0.65). Conversely, concurrent thiopurine was associated with continuation (at 12 m) for IFX (p < 0.05) but not for ADA (p = 0.3) PLX4032 price and there was a trend for prior bowel resection to be associated with continuation for IFX but no ADA (p = 0.06). Conclusions: Overall reinduction was very effective in regaining response to anti-TNF in many patients, and should be considered in patients as the next step where concomitant immunomodulators have already been added. Smoking rates are high in this cohort, implying its important role

in secondary LOR. Pharmacokinetic find more differences between ADA and IFX, with the potentially greater immunogenic potential of IFX, may explain why concurrent learn more thiopurines were linked with more durable outcomes in IFX post-reinduction (but not ADA), and the differential response post-reinduction for ADA

between males and females. Further larger studies are needed in this area to best utilize anti-TNF reinduction to achieve optimal outcomes in the Australian PBS setting in CD. M OOI, J PANETTA, M ZHU, C CORTE, RWL LEONG Gastroenterology and Liver Services, Concord Hospital, Sydney Australia Background: Traditional forward-viewing colonoscopy (FVC) is impeded by a narrow field of view of <170 degrees with adenoma “miss-rates” of 24–42%. This limitation impairs dysplasia surveillance in chronic colitis. Chromoendoscopy improves visualization of dysplasia but has never been used with FUSE, which provides 330 degree visualization. This study compares FVC and FUSE with and without chromoendoscopy for the identification of dysplasia in IBD. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized-order, crossover tandem colonoscopy trial at an academic IBD center. Inclusion criteria were left sided or extensive colitis for >10 years disease duration, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) or previous dysplasia. Patients underwent same-day, back-to-back tandem colonoscopy with FVC (PCF/CF 180/190, Olympus, Japan) and the FUSE colonoscope (EndoChoice, USA) under propofol sedation. Order randomization was computer-generated. Patients and endoscopist were masked to group allocation until immediately prior to colonoscopy.

Of note, magnetic suppression of perceptual accuracy profiles using transcranial magnetic stimulation in these patients showed reduced visual suppression correlating with high cortical excitability. A dysfunction in inhibitory pathways is therefore possible. In summary, ictal imaging studies reveal several intriguing changes in the migraineurs’ brain (Table 2). Activations of dorsal pons, substantia nigra, red nucleus, MRF, amygdala, and insula have been reported, while the trigeminal nuclei activity ACP-196 cell line decreased after nociceptive stimulation. Blood flow increased in the brainstem, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, insula,

cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, auditory cortex, and visual association cortex. Chronic migraine see more led to hypometabolism in several cortical areas and to hypermetabolism in the brainstem.

An increasing body of research that employs neuroimaging methods challenges the traditional view of migraine as a nonprogressive, paroxysmal disorder with no CNS abnormalities between attacks. Structural and functional alterations that often correlate with pain duration and frequency have been unveiled in migraineurs during migraine-free states, in part due to imaging advances (see Tables 3 and 4 for lists of structural and functional interictal neuroimaging findings, respectively). Brain Structure and Vasculature.— Numerous conventional MRI studies unequivocally indicate that migraine is associated with an increased risk of stroke and deep white matter lesions in patients of various ages.61 Migraineurs with and without aura have an elevated risk of stroke, and the relative risk is higher in young subjects, smokers, users of oral contraceptive, patients with aura, and those with more frequent attacks.62-64 The selleck kinase inhibitor increased stroke risk may

be confined to small cerebellar and watershed-zone infarcts.65 Approximately 10% of patients who have migraine with aura and at least one migraine per month have been found to have a posterior circulation stroke.66 Most of these strokes remain asymptomatic, and their clinical significance is unclear. One proposed mechanism underlying this association is endothelial dysfunction. Results from the few known studies that have compared the anterior and posterior cerebral endothelial function are contradictory, mainly due to methodological limitations (eg, CO2-induced vasodilatation vs L-arginine stimulus) and the presence of comorbidities. Most animal studies, however, suggest that the posterior cerebral circulation is subject to more basal vasomotor control to nitric oxide than the anterior cerebral circulation.67 Perko and colleagues68 used transcranial Doppler sonography to determine the posterior cerebral endothelial function in migraine patients.

Based on these values of p, 2-3 additional weeks of treatments would be needed in order to eradicate all infected cells (Table 2). Using a new viral kinetic model that allowed for an improved description of the changes in antiviral treatment effectiveness, the second phase of viral decay was found to be very rapid, compared with second phases observed in patients treated with

IFN alone, with no differences according to treatment regimen. More precisely, we estimated that telaprevir induced a four-fold more rapid second-phase viral decline than IFN-based therapy.2, 3 Because Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library high throughput the current understanding of HCV RNA decay attributes the second phase of viral decline to the loss rate of infected cells, our result suggests that either cell death is enhanced or mechanisms of infected cell loss other than cell death may be operating. Yet, because no elevation in alanine aminotransferase, a surrogate marker of liver cell death, was reported during telaprevir-based therapy, the assumption that the enhanced loss rate of infected cells reflects an elevation in the cell death is unlikely. The current explanation of HCV RNA check details decline under therapy comes from studies using moderately potent IFN treatment. In that context, assuming that, after a short delay, the viral production rate per infected cell is reduced under treatment by a constant factor, (1 − ε), has provided excellent fits to viral kinetic

data from a variety of studies. Nevertheless, as a result of their very find more high pressure on intracellular replication, the new direct antiviral agents might be able to continuously reduce levels of intracellular viral RNA and, consequently, the viral production per infected cell in a treatment-effectiveness–dependent manner. This may also be the case for IFN, if its effectiveness is high enough. Although this remains speculative, some experiments using the replicon system

support the suggestion that intracellular viral RNA not only initially declines by the factor (1 − ε), but then continues to decline under protease inhibitor21 or IFN22 treatment. If the rate of viral production per infected cell is constantly reduced during therapy, the second slope of viral decline may reflect not only the rate of loss of infected cells, but also the rate at which viral production declines in infected cells.23 Hence, the higher chance for attaining SVR observed in patients with an initial rapid viral response24 could not only be due to a better immune response, but also to the progressive elimination of intracellular replication complexes resulting from a more potent antiviral treatment. No matter what the biological mechanism, the rapid second-phase decline observed with telaprevir suggests that the duration of therapy needed to clear the infection might be considerably shortened, as compared to IFN-based therapies.

Unblocking IL-10 restored proinflammatory mediator and HO-1 expression to previously observed levels in response BGB324 to LPS stimulation. Conclusion: Although the described association does not necessarily mean causality, an

IL-10–mediated HO-1–induced anti-inflammatory mechanism is present in patients with cirrhosis receiving norfloxacin, that is directly associated with cell-modulating events in these patients. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;) Bacterial translocation (BT) is known as the process by which bacteria exit the intestinal lumen in certain diseases, such as decompensated cirrhosis, access mesenteric lymph nodes and, eventually, colonize other organs.1 This mechanism is involved in the pathogenesis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), one of the most representative and clinically relevant complications of cirrhosis.2, 3 To reduce the incidence of this complication,

oral norfloxacin is administered, either as primary prophylaxis (400 mg twice a day for 1 week) to patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding or as secondary prophylaxis (indefinitely, 400 mg daily) to those who have survived a previous episode of SBP. In this last condition, norfloxacin administration significantly reduces the incidence of bacterial infections4, 5 and, used as primary prophylaxis, also reduces noninfectious related clinical complications, such as hepatorenal syndrome, thus improving survival.6 BT in cirrhosis is related to an increased blood secretion of proinflammatory soluble mediators such as cytokines and nitric oxide (NO),7 which may be potentially harmful and can lead to severe clinical complications such LY2606368 solubility dmso as circulatory dysfunction and hepatorenal syndrome.6, 8 In fact, it has been recently shown that bacterial DNA translocation, a surrogate selleck chemicals marker of BT, is associated with a marked worsening of the intrahepatic endothelial dysfunction in cirrhosis (Hepatology 2010, in press) and with an increased risk of death.9 Selective

intestinal decontamination (SID) with norfloxacin as secondary prophylaxis of SBP not only removes bacterial products but also modulates patients’ proinflammatory reaction, showing a direct cellular effect on neutrophil response to oxidative stress by reducing secretion of reactive oxygen species and increasing the apoptosis rate.10 Both processes affect modulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), which triggers proinflammatory gene transcription. Nevertheless, an effective inflammatory reaction also requires an adequate interaction with active anti-inflammatory mediators aimed at keeping a proper homeostasis. The present work was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory counteracting mechanisms occurring within patients with decompensated cirrhosis and how norfloxacin participates in the restoration of the inflammatory balance, completing norfloxacin’s previously described immunomodulatory actions.

Unblocking IL-10 restored proinflammatory mediator and HO-1 expression to previously observed levels in response Selleck Tipifarnib to LPS stimulation. Conclusion: Although the described association does not necessarily mean causality, an

IL-10–mediated HO-1–induced anti-inflammatory mechanism is present in patients with cirrhosis receiving norfloxacin, that is directly associated with cell-modulating events in these patients. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;) Bacterial translocation (BT) is known as the process by which bacteria exit the intestinal lumen in certain diseases, such as decompensated cirrhosis, access mesenteric lymph nodes and, eventually, colonize other organs.1 This mechanism is involved in the pathogenesis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), one of the most representative and clinically relevant complications of cirrhosis.2, 3 To reduce the incidence of this complication,

oral norfloxacin is administered, either as primary prophylaxis (400 mg twice a day for 1 week) to patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding or as secondary prophylaxis (indefinitely, 400 mg daily) to those who have survived a previous episode of SBP. In this last condition, norfloxacin administration significantly reduces the incidence of bacterial infections4, 5 and, used as primary prophylaxis, also reduces noninfectious related clinical complications, such as hepatorenal syndrome, thus improving survival.6 BT in cirrhosis is related to an increased blood secretion of proinflammatory soluble mediators such as cytokines and nitric oxide (NO),7 which may be potentially harmful and can lead to severe clinical complications such LDK378 solubility dmso as circulatory dysfunction and hepatorenal syndrome.6, 8 In fact, it has been recently shown that bacterial DNA translocation, a surrogate check details marker of BT, is associated with a marked worsening of the intrahepatic endothelial dysfunction in cirrhosis (Hepatology 2010, in press) and with an increased risk of death.9 Selective

intestinal decontamination (SID) with norfloxacin as secondary prophylaxis of SBP not only removes bacterial products but also modulates patients’ proinflammatory reaction, showing a direct cellular effect on neutrophil response to oxidative stress by reducing secretion of reactive oxygen species and increasing the apoptosis rate.10 Both processes affect modulation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), which triggers proinflammatory gene transcription. Nevertheless, an effective inflammatory reaction also requires an adequate interaction with active anti-inflammatory mediators aimed at keeping a proper homeostasis. The present work was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory counteracting mechanisms occurring within patients with decompensated cirrhosis and how norfloxacin participates in the restoration of the inflammatory balance, completing norfloxacin’s previously described immunomodulatory actions.

From the accompanying microbial flora of established laboratory strains of U. mutabilis with normal morphology, a Roseobacter, a Sulfitobacter, and a Halomonas species were isolated. Each of these microbe species alone induced the development of the Ulva gametes into thalli composed of differentiated cells with characteristic deficiencies. Typical traits of these thalli were: an enhanced rate of cell division not followed by cell expansion, the presence of unusual cell wall protrusions,

and the absence of differentiated rhizoid cells. The addition of a Cytophaga species, also derived from the same microbial flora, to either one of the three PI3K activation other strains resulted in the development of normal fast growing thalli with the typical morphology of the algal strain used. These effects are mediated by specific regulatory factors that are excreted into the environment by the bacteria and could be also isolated from the bacterial cell extracts. In contrast with the Cytophaga-factor, the regulatory factor of the three Selleck Small molecule library other bacterial species was also found intracellularly

in other bacterial strains not associated with Ulva, but in this case it was not excreted. Functionally, the Roseobacter-, Sulfitobacter-, and Halomonas-factors resemble a cytokinin, while the Cytophaga-factor acts similar to auxin. Neither factor could be replaced by known phytohormones. The Roseobacter species exhibits a specific chemotactic affinity to the rhizoid cells of U. mutabilis and seems to cooperate with the Cytophaga strain and the alga by chemical communication forming a symbiotic tripartite community. “
“Gloeomonas is a peculiar unicellular volvocalean genus because it lacks pyrenoids in the chloroplasts under the light microscope and has two flagellar bases that selleck kinase inhibitor are remote from each other. However, ultrastructural features of chloroplasts are very limited, and no molecular phylogenetic analyses have been carried out in Gloeomonas. In this study, we observed ultrastructural

features of chloroplasts of three species of Gloeomonas and Chloromonas rubrifilum (Korshikov ex Pascher) Pröschold, B. Marin, U. Schlösser et Melkonian SAG 3.85, and phylogenetic analyses were carried out based on the combined data set from 18S rRNA, ATP synthase beta-subunit, and P700 chl a–apoprotein A2 gene sequences to deduce the natural phylogenetic positions of the genus Gloeomonas. The present EM demonstrated that the chloroplasts of the three Gloeomonas species and C. rubrifilum SAG 3.85 did not have typical pyrenoids with associated starch grains, but they possessed pyrenoid matrices that protruded interiorly within the stroma regions of the chloroplast. The pyrenoid matrices were large and broad in C.

From the accompanying microbial flora of established laboratory strains of U. mutabilis with normal morphology, a Roseobacter, a Sulfitobacter, and a Halomonas species were isolated. Each of these microbe species alone induced the development of the Ulva gametes into thalli composed of differentiated cells with characteristic deficiencies. Typical traits of these thalli were: an enhanced rate of cell division not followed by cell expansion, the presence of unusual cell wall protrusions,

and the absence of differentiated rhizoid cells. The addition of a Cytophaga species, also derived from the same microbial flora, to either one of the three Erlotinib research buy other strains resulted in the development of normal fast growing thalli with the typical morphology of the algal strain used. These effects are mediated by specific regulatory factors that are excreted into the environment by the bacteria and could be also isolated from the bacterial cell extracts. In contrast with the Cytophaga-factor, the regulatory factor of the three selleck antibody other bacterial species was also found intracellularly

in other bacterial strains not associated with Ulva, but in this case it was not excreted. Functionally, the Roseobacter-, Sulfitobacter-, and Halomonas-factors resemble a cytokinin, while the Cytophaga-factor acts similar to auxin. Neither factor could be replaced by known phytohormones. The Roseobacter species exhibits a specific chemotactic affinity to the rhizoid cells of U. mutabilis and seems to cooperate with the Cytophaga strain and the alga by chemical communication forming a symbiotic tripartite community. “
“Gloeomonas is a peculiar unicellular volvocalean genus because it lacks pyrenoids in the chloroplasts under the light microscope and has two flagellar bases that selleck products are remote from each other. However, ultrastructural features of chloroplasts are very limited, and no molecular phylogenetic analyses have been carried out in Gloeomonas. In this study, we observed ultrastructural

features of chloroplasts of three species of Gloeomonas and Chloromonas rubrifilum (Korshikov ex Pascher) Pröschold, B. Marin, U. Schlösser et Melkonian SAG 3.85, and phylogenetic analyses were carried out based on the combined data set from 18S rRNA, ATP synthase beta-subunit, and P700 chl a–apoprotein A2 gene sequences to deduce the natural phylogenetic positions of the genus Gloeomonas. The present EM demonstrated that the chloroplasts of the three Gloeomonas species and C. rubrifilum SAG 3.85 did not have typical pyrenoids with associated starch grains, but they possessed pyrenoid matrices that protruded interiorly within the stroma regions of the chloroplast. The pyrenoid matrices were large and broad in C.

01). The number of Pulmonary metastasis tubercle and AFP after As2O3 effect were obviously lower than those of controls group (P < 0.01). The As2O3 groups could depress expression of MIF, IL-8,

bFGF and HIF-1α (P < 0.05). Conclusion: As2O3 can inhibit invasion and metastasis of hepatoma, further inhibit the expression of MIF, IL-8, bFGF CT99021 supplier and HIF-1α. Key Word(s): 1. As2O3; 2. hepatoma; 3. MIF; 4. IL-8; Presenting Author: ADHOUTE XAVIER Additional Authors: CASTELLANI PAUL, PERRIER HERVÉ, CAMPANILE MANUELA, POL BERNARD, MONNET OLIVIER, BAYLE OLIVIER, LEFOLGOC GAELLE, PENARANDA GUILLAUME, BOURLIÈRE MARC, RAOUL JEAN LUC Corresponding Author: ADHOUTE XAVIER Affiliations: Fondation Saint-joseph; Alphabio Laboratory; Institut Paoli Calmettes Objective: Introduction: TACE is recommended for intermediate stage HCC BCLC B, which includes a wide spectrum of tumors. TACE may also be a treatment option for inoperable limited HCC. Selection of patients is necessary. The score ART selects which patients with unresectable HCC should receive a second TACE. It is calculated before the second TACE and based on elevated transaminases, increased Child-Pugh score and the absence of radiological response. Defined from a cohort of 107 patients with predominantly alcoholic cirrhosis, there are two different prognostic groups (0–1.5 GW-572016 chemical structure points and ≥2.5 points) with respective survival

23.7 vs 6.6 months (p < 0.001.(Sieghart W and al Hepatology. 2013 Jan 12). Aim of study: to assess the prognostic

value of ART score in a French cohort of HCC developed mostly on viral cirrhosis (HCV and HBV). Methods: During the period 01/2007 – 12/2012, 373 consecutive patients were admitted to our unit for the management of HCC. 52% of patients (n = 195) were treated with TACE. In this group, 73 pts have a limited CHC. Were excluded from the analysis: TACE before a graft and patients who received additional selleckchem treatment after TACE. The population used for the analysis included 139 patients. This population include mostly men (84%), mean age 67 years. Cirrhosis was present in 96% of cases. Esophageal varices grade 2 or 3 were present in 37% of pts. Underlying liver disease was viral (HCV 38%, HBV 6%, HIV coinfection 3%), mixed in 5% (HCV, alcohol), alcohol-related (35%), a steatopathy (10%) or related to another etiology in 3% of cases. Type 2 diabetes was present in 32% of pts. The median BMI was 25. 70% of HCC were diagnosed during a screening, 13% of HCC were revealed by symptoms and 17% incidental discovery. 15% of pts had a history of HCC treated by RF or surgery. 46% of pts were in the Milan criteria, 23% of pts had a single nodule. These patients for medical reasons could not get a graft. 46% of HCC were BCLC A, 31% BCLC B, 19% BCLC C. Segmental portal vein thrombosis was present in 14% of HCC, 17% were infiltrating tumors. The median AFP level was 23 ng.ml. Pts were treated on average by two TACE.