“
“There is no in situ evidence hitherto for a modulation by ATP of the glutamatergic excitatory transmission onto medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the rat striatum. In order to resolve this question, we used the patch-clamp technique in brain slice preparations to record excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) evoked by intrastriatal electrical stimulation and applied N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) or alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) to activate transmembrane currents of MSNs. In the absence of external Mg2+. ATP caused a higher maximum inhibition

of the EPSCs than adenosine. Only P1 (A(1)), but not P2 receptor antagonists interfered with the effects of both ATP and adenosine. Moreover. A(1) receptor antagonists click here were less potent in blocking the inhibition by ATP than that by adenosine. Eventually, adenosine deaminase (ADA) almost abolished the adenosine-induced inhibition, but only moderately decreased the ATP-induced inhibition. Antagonists of A(1) receptors (but not of P2 receptors) counteracted the depression by ATP of the current responses to exogenous NMDA, without altering those to AMPA. It is suggested that ATP indirectly, via its degradation product

adenosine, stimulates presynaptic inhibitory A(1) receptors situated at glutamatergic nerve terminals of striatal afferents; these nerve terminals are devoid of P2 receptors. However, ATP, in contrast to adenosine, also activates postsynaptic A(1) receptors at the MSN neurons

themselves. The resulting negative Selleckchem Combretastatin A4 interaction with NMDA receptors requires localized extracellular catabolism of ATP by ectonucleotidases. (c) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Little is known about the molecular characteristics of pediatric brainstem gliomas (BSG), which continue to have a dismal prognosis. Targeted molecular strategies are limited due to rarity of biopsy BSG specimen coupled with obstacles associated with the analyses ZD1839 cell line of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) autopsies. The objective of this study was to develop methodologies to successfully identify the proteome profile from these archived FFPE specimens. Peptides were extracted from both tumor and adjacent normal FFPE brainstem specimen and quantified using O-18 proteolytic labeling strategy and LC-MS/MS analysis. The ingenuity pathway analysis software was used to elucidate interactions amongst differentially expressed proteins. We identified 188 proteins of which 54 (29%) were found up-regulated (>= 1.5-fold) in BSG compared to normal sections. Of these, 15 (28%) proteins have previously been reported as potential biomarkers for supratentorial malignant gliomas, while the rest appear to be exclusive to pediatric BSG. Because the majority of differentially expressed proteins are unique to BSG, we conclude that pediatric BSG is distinct from supratentorial gliomas.

Leukemia (2009) 23, 1080-1086; doi: 10.1038/leu.2009.7; published online 12 February 2009″
“Due to entangled results concerning K(v)11 subunit distribution in the gastrointestinal wall, we aimed to unravel the expression of the delayed rectifier potassium subunits

K(v)1.1 and K(v)1.2 in the murine ileum. Presence and distribution of both subunits were determined in cryosections and whole-mount Cobimetinib purchase preparations of the ileum of three different murine strains by indirect immunofluorescence, and analysed by conventional fluorescence and confocal microscopy. Distribution of both subunits was similar in the ileum of the three strains. K(v)1.1 immunoreactivity (IR) was found in some S100-expressing enteroglial cells (EGC) located at the periphery of myenteric ganglia, in S100-positive EGC along interganglionic, intramuscular and vascular nerve fibres, and in S100-positive EGC of the submucous plexus. K(v)1.1 IR was also observed in some GFAP-expressing EGC at the periphery of myenteric ganglia, BIBF 1120 and in GFAP-positive EGC of submucous ganglia. K(v)1.2 IR was detected in some intramuscular S100-positive EGC, in almost

all submucous S100-expressing EGC, and in a few GFAP-expressing EGC. K(v)1.2 IR was also expressed in a majority of enteric neurons. Coding of these neurons showed that all cholinergic and most nitrergic neurons express K(v)1.2. In conclusion, the results showed that K(v)1.1 and K(v)1.2 were predominantly expressed in distinct EGC phenotypes. K(v)1.2 was also observed in distinct neuron subpopulations. Our results support the active role of EGC with distinct phenotypes in intestinal functions, which is relevant in view of their modulating role on intestinal barrier and inflammatory responses. (C) 2009

Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Concurrent treatment with methotrexate (MTX) and antiepileptic drugs, such as phenobarbital (PB), reduces the efficacy of MTX chemotherapy in childhood Dimethyl sulfoxide acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This can result from defective Reduced folate carrier (Rfc1)-dependent cellular uptake of MTX. Indeed, we have shown that functional Rfc1 activity is significantly reduced by clinically relevant concentrations of the anticonvulsant drugs PB or carbamazepine in an adequate in vitro model. As PB is known to regulate carrier-associated transport by the nuclear receptor constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), we investigated the involvement of the CAR signaling cascade and the mode of PB-induced downregulation of Rfc1 activity. CAR activation by PB or the CAR agonist 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene resulted in translocation of Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase C alpha (cPKC alpha) to the plasma membrane related to significantly elevated PKC activities. In contrast, subcellular localization of Ca(2+)-independent PKC delta was only marginally altered.

If required by a tumor extending into the neck, the internal and external carotid arteries can be exposed and controlled. Through

a partial mastoidectomy and after removal of the bone covering the jugular tubercle, the end of the sigmoid sinus and then the posteroinferior part of the jugular foramen are reached.

RESULTS: This technique is efficient to expose tumors extending into the jugular foramen. Contrary to the infratemporal approach, it has the main advantage PFT�� molecular weight of avoiding petrous bone drilling and associated potential complications. Lower cranial nerves are well exposed in the neck. In patients with schwannomas, complete resection with selective dividing of only the few involved rootlets can be achieved.

CONCLUSION: The juxtacondylar approach is an efficient approach to tumors located in the jugular foramen. It necessitates control of the third segment of the vertebral artery but has the advantage of avoiding

complications associated with petrous bone drilling. Extension beyond the this website jugular foramen requires combination with an infratemporal or a retrosigmoid approach.”
“Purpose: We assessed the face and content validity of a new portable laparoscopic trainer, the EZ Trainer.

Materials and Methods: The portable, affordable EZ trainer system was conceived, designed and commissioned by academic surgeons from the departments of urology at our 2 institutions with the express purpose of advancing laparoscopic surgical training. A total of 42 participants, including general surgeons, obstetricians/gynecologists, urologists and industry representatives, assessed the face and the content validity of the trainer using a standard questionnaire. Participants were stratified into high (greater than 30 laparoscopic cases per year) and low (less than 30 cases per year) volume laparoscopists.

Results: Of the participants 96% rated the trainer as a realistic laparoscopic training format. Of high volume laparoscopists 81.5% rated the trainer as comfortable to use, 92.6% found that

the trainer was a realistic practice format, 70.4% would purchase the trainer for personal use and 85.2% would recommend that the trainer be made available to surgical residents in their discipline. Of low volume laparoscopists 87% rated the trainer as comfortable to use, 93.3% found that the trainer was a realistic practice format, find more 73.3% would purchase the trainer for personal use and 80% would recommend that the trainer be made available to diverse surgical residents.

Conclusions: The EZ trainer system has face and content validity as a portable laparoscopic trainer across a broad range of surgical disciplines.”
“OBJECTIVE: The objective of this work is to present the preliminary clinical experience we acquired in using the new PoleStar generation, N20 (Medtronic Navigation, Louisville, CO), in a modified conventional operating room.

METHODS: PoleStar N20 is a 0.

(C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Neonatal ketamine (KET) or phencyclidine (PCP) treatment can trigger apoptotic neurodegeneration in rodents. Previously, we described KET- and PCP-induced altered body weight and home cage, slant board and forelimb hang behaviors in preweaning rats (Boctor et al., 2008). In that study, L-carnitine (LC) attenuated the KET-induced behavioral alterations and body weight decrements. The four subcutaneous (sc) treatment groups INCB018424 solubility dmso were: (1) saline; (2) 10 mg/kg PCP on PNDs 7, 9 and 11; (3) 20 mg/kg KET (6 injections;

one every 2 h on PND 7); or (4) a regimen of KET and 250 mg/kg LC (KLC) both administered on PND 7, with additional 250 mg/kg doses of LC on PNDs 8-11. A portion of each treatment group was evaluated for postweaning behaviors which included grip strength and motor coordination (postnatal days (PNDs) 22 or 71), locomotor sensitization (PND 42), spatial alternation (PNDs 22-70) and residential running wheel activity (PNDs 72-77). On PND 42 or 78, whole and regional brain weights were measured. Grip strength and motor coordination were unaffected at either age by neonatal treatment. On PND 42, neonatally treated KET- or KLC-treated

rats responded to a challenge of 5 mg/kg KET with activity similar to controls that received the same challenge. Neonatal PCP treatment, however, induced significant sensitization PD-0332991 mouse to a challenge of 3 mg/kg PCP on PND 42 relative to controls that received the same challenge, causing increased activity which was especially profound in females. Performance on a continuous spatial alternation task requiring a “”win-shift, lose-stay”" strategy appeared unaffected by neonatal KET or KLC treatment. PCP treatment, however, caused significantly increased random responding and shorter choice latencies. In addition, neonatal PCP treatment elevated light and dark period running wheel activity and reduced PND selleck screening library 42 and 78 body and whole

brain weights. These findings provide further evidence that PCP treatment on PNDs 7,9, and 11 causes subtle cognitive deficits and long-term alterations in activity that are unrelated to deficits in grip strength OF motor coordination. Further, repeated KET treatment on PND 7 does not appear to result in severe behavioral modifications. Published by Elsevier Inc.”
“Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are zoonotic paramyxoviruses capable of causing severe disease in humans and animals. These viruses require biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) containment. Like other paramyxoviruses, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) can be used to detect antibodies to the surface glycoproteins, fusion (F) and attachment (G), and PRNT titers give an indication of protective immunity. Unfortunately, for NiV and HeV, the PRNT must be performed in BSL-4 containment and takes several days to complete.

Using polynomial regression methods, we developed coefficients to accurately measure GFR from a single-compartment model. These coefficients were employed to recalculate the GFR and compare these to values measured with the two-compartment four-sample model in 361 of these children in their second clinic visit. There was excellent correlation (r = 0.999) and no bias or change

in between-individuals’ dispersion. Hence, the GFR can be accurately measured in children with chronic kidney disease using the slow component of the iohexol plasma disappearance curve, provided the duration of study is at least 5 h. Kidney International (2010) 77, 65-71; doi:10.1038/ki.2009.398; published online 21 October 2009″
“BACKGROUND

Aspirin and low-molecular-weight heparin are prescribed for women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage, with the goal of improving the rate of live LXH254 supplier births, but limited data from randomized, controlled trials are available to support the use of these drugs.

METHODS

In this randomized trial, we enrolled 364 women between the G418 in vivo ages of 18 and 42 years who had a history of unexplained recurrent miscarriage and were attempting to conceive or were less than 6 weeks pregnant. We then randomly assigned them to receive daily 80 mg of aspirin plus open-label

subcutaneous nadroparin (at a dose of 2850 IU, starting as soon as a viable pregnancy was demonstrated), 80 mg of aspirin alone, or placebo. The primary outcome measure was the live-birth rate. Secondary outcomes included rates of miscarriage, obstetrical complications, and maternal and fetal adverse events.

RESULTS

Live-birth rates did not differ significantly among the three study groups. The proportions of women who gave birth to a live infant were 54.5% in the group receiving aspirin PDK4 plus nadroparin (combination-therapy group), 50.8% in the aspirin-only group,

and 57.0% in the placebo group (absolute difference in live-birth rate: combination therapy vs. placebo, -2.6 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -15.0 to 9.9; aspirin only vs. placebo, -6.2 percentage points; 95% CI, -18.8 to 6.4). Among 299 women who became pregnant, the live-birth rates were 69.1% in the combination-therapy group, 61.6% in the aspirin-only group, and 67.0% in the placebo group (absolute difference in live-birth rate: combination therapy vs. placebo, 2.1 percentage points; 95% CI, -10.8 to 15.0; aspirin alone vs. placebo -5.4 percentage points; 95% CI, -18.6 to 7.8). An increased tendency to bruise and swelling or itching at the injection site occurred significantly more frequently in the combination-therapy group than in the other two study groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Neither aspirin combined with nadroparin nor aspirin alone improved the live-birth rate, as compared with placebo, among women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage. (Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN58496168.

The combined method is simple, highly sensitive and reproducible, thus allowing the processing of numerous field samples for a variety of epidemiological needs. The sequential processing of an ELISA or dot-blot/ELISA followed by CE-SSCP is expected to allow the rapid detection

of recent CTV infections along with the simultaneous characterization of the genetic diversity and structure of the population of newly invading CTV. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: Staurosporine cell line Bulimia nervosa (BN) is associated with a deficit of self-regulatory control and impulsivity. The present study aimed to clarify whether an impaired inhibitory control due to hyperarousal underlies impulsivity in BN subjects. Methods: Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in 17 female patients with BN and 17 healthy controls during a three-tone oddball task. ERP components related to inhibition of irrelevant distractor stimuli, as well as effortful processing, were analyzed. Standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) was used to assess ERP source activity. Results: Compared to healthy controls, BN patients showed reduced amplitude and shorter latency of the N200 (N2), increased amplitude and shorter latency of the target slow wave (SW), and higher amplitude

of the P300 for distractor stimuli (P3a) and for targets (P3b). sLORETA showed the following: (1) higher activity of the P3a generators in the left parietal cortex, bilateral precuneus and right frontal BAY 11-7082 chemical structure and anterior cingulate for distractor stimuli and (2) lower activity 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase of the SW generators in the left medial frontal gyrus, bilateral superior frontal, anterior cingulate and cuneus for target stimuli. The reduction of the N2 latency was associated with the Barratt scores for impulsiveness. Conclusions:The observed electrophysiological

abnormalities suggest a condition of hyperarousal, with impaired suppression of irrelevant stimuli due to abnormal cortical activation and reduced signal-to-noise ratio. Our findings point to functional abnormalities within a neural system that subserves attention and self-regulatory control, which may contribute to impulsive behaviors in BN. Copyright (C) 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“The role of oxidative stress has been well known in neurodegenerative disorders. 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is a plant-based mycotoxin that produces HD like symptoms in animals. Oxidative stress and nitric oxide mechanisms have been recently proposed in the 3-NP-induced neurotoxicity. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is one of the major components of green tea, known for its potent antioxidant activity. Besides, neuroprotective effect of EGCG has also been suggested in different experimental models.

Additionally, we suggest the utility of comparing mammosphere data to computational mammosphere simulations in elucidating the growth characteristics

of mammary (cancer) stem cells. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Feedback inhibition serves to modulate release when neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic cleft are elevated. The “”classical”" feedback auto-inhibition of neurotransmitter release is predominantly mediated by activation of presynaptic G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and exhibits slow kinetics. In cholinergic and glutamatergic synapses and for focal graded depolarization of the axon terminal, feedback inhibition was found to be voltage-dependent. At high depolarizations, such as the one produced by an action potential, low concentrations of neurotransmitter were insufficient ATM inhibitor to inhibit release. On the other hand, at higher neurotransmitter concentrations, feedback inhibition was observed also for action potential-evoked release. This finding suggests the presence of an additional mechanism of feedback inhibition that operates also

at large presynaptic depolarizations. Using the glutamatergic crayfish neuromuscular junction we discovered a novel, extremely fast, form of feedback inhibition which hampers action potential-evoked release. This novel mechanism is pertussis toxin-insensitive, and is activated already 1 ms after flash photolysis producing glutamate concentrations higher than the ones required to activate the classical feedback inhibition. find more This finding implies that this mechanism is recruited only when glutamate levels in the synaptic cleft are relatively high (after high-frequency activation or in pathological conditions). We show that both the classical and this novel mechanism operate under physiological conditions. (C) 2011 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The well-known Kirschner-Panetta model for tumour-immune System interplay

[Kirschner, next D., Panetta, J.C., 1998. Modelling immunotherapy of the tumour-immune interaction. J. Math. Biol. 37(3), 235-252] reproduces a number of features of this essential interaction, but it excludes the possibility of tumour suppression by the immune system in the absence of therapy. Here we present a hybrid-stochastic version of that model. In this new framework, we show that in reality the model is also able to reproduce the suppression, through stochastic extinction after the first spike of an oscillation. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Several lines of evidence suggest the existence of multiple progestin receptors that may account for rapid and delayed effects of progesterone in the CNS. The delayed effects have been long attributed to activation of the classical progestin receptor (Pgr). Recent studies have discovered novel progestin signaling molecules that may be responsible for rapid effects.

Two sets of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against human SSTR1, 2A, 3 and 5 have recently been developed by two independent laboratories using rabbit and mouse hybridomas. Our aim was to evaluate the usefulness of both sets of mAbs for detection of SSTRs in NET samples as they are routinely collected in clinical practice.

Methods: Mouse and rabbit mAbs were characterized in SSTR1, 2A, 3 and 5-transfected HEK293 cells and human archival samples of pancreatic tissue and NET. Comparative analysis of mAbs was also conducted by immunostaining

of a tissue microarray composed of 75 cores of NET.

Results: Immunohistochemical analysis of HEK293 cells showed that both rabbit and mouse mAbs specifically detect their cognate receptor subtype, with mild cytoplasmic cross-reactivity observed for rabbit mAbs. Both sets of mAbs labeled normal pancreatic islets and showed selleck kinase inhibitor similar patterns PKC412 ic50 of immunoreactivity in NET controls. Direct comparison of mAb sets using a NET tissue microarray revealed strong correlation between rabbit and mouse mAbs against SSTR1 and 5, and moderate correlation for SSTR3. The rabbit mAb against SSTR2A showed higher affinity for its cognate receptor than the corresponding mouse mAb, resulting in a more reliable detection of this SSTR

Conclusions: mAbs

from both sets are reliable tools for the detection of SSTR1, 3 and 5, whereas the rabbit mAb against SSTR2A is recommended for use in routine clinical testing due to its superior binding affinity. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Xenin-25 (Xen) is a 25-amino acid neurotensin-related peptide that activates neurotensin receptor-1 (NTSR1). We previously showed that Xen increases the effect of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) on insulin

release 1) in hyperglycemic mice via a cholinergic relay in the periphery independent from the central nervous system and 2) in humans with normal or impaired glucose tolerance, but not type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Since this blunted response to Xen defines a novel defect in T2DM, it is important to understand how Xen regulates islet physiology.

On separate visits, subjects received intravenous graded glucose Pyruvate dehydrogenase infusions with vehicle, GIP, Xen, or GIP plus Xen. The pancreatic polypeptide response was used as an indirect measure of cholinergic input to islets. The graded glucose infusion itself had little effect on the pancreatic polypeptide response whereas administration of Xen equally increased the pancreatic polypeptide response in humans with normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, and T2DM. The pancreatic polypeptide response to Xen was similarly amplified by GIP in all 3 groups. Antibody staining of human pancreas showed that NTSR1 is not detectable on islet endocrine cells, sympathetic neurons, blood vessels, or endothelial cells but is expressed at high levels on PGP9.5-positive axons in the exocrine tissue and at low levels on ductal epithelial cells. PGP9.

After adjustment for all potential confounding variables except maternal age, the HR for risk of BPAD for each 10-year increase in paternal age was 1.28 [95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.11-1.48], but this

fell to 1.20 (95% CI 0.97-1.48) after adjusting for maternal age. A similar result was found for maternal age and risk of BPAD [HR 1.30 (95% CI 1.08-1.56) before adjustment for paternal age, HR 1.12 PLX3397 mouse (95% Cl 0.86-1.45) after adjustment]. The HR associated with having either parent aged 30 years or over was 1.26 (95% CI 1.01-1.57) and it was 1.45 (95%, CI 1.16-1.81) if both parents were >30 years.

Conclusions. Unlike schizophrenia, the risk of BPAD seems to be associated with both paternal and maternal ages.”
“The time a phenotype takes to achieve a stationary state from an initial

condition depends on multiple factors. In particular, it AC220 is a function of both its fitness and its mutation rate. We evaluate the average time, referred to as the characteristic time, T-c, that the system takes to reach a final steady state of simple models of populations formed by self-replicative sequences. The dependence of T-c on the mutation rate and on the fitness landscape is also studied. For simple fitness landscapes, e.g. single peak, the characteristic time can be analytically obtained as a function of the system parameters. In this case, T-c for obtaining the quasispecies distribution presents a maximum at a Q-value that depends on the initial conditions and decreases monotonously as the mutation rate tends to zero. For most of the complex landscapes handled in this paper, the characteristic time to achieve the quasispecies distribution picked around the fittest phenotype attains a local minimum for a given mutation rate between 0 and the Q-value at which T-c reaches its local maximum. Thus, in these cases, an optimum value for the mutation rate exists that corresponds to the lowest value of the characteristic

time 4��8C for quasispecies evolution. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background. Although central nervous system (CNS) involvement in adult myotonic dystrophy type I (DM1) was described long ago, the large number of variables affecting the cognitive and personality profile have made it difficult to determine the effect of DM1 on the brain. The aim of this study was to define the cognitive and personality patterns in adult DM1 patients, and to analyse the relationship between these clinical patterns and their association with the underlying molecular defect.

Method. We examined 121 adult DM1 patients with confirmed molecular CTG repeat expansion and 54 control subjects using comprehensive neuropsychological tests and personality assessments with the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI)-II. We used a multiple linear regression model to assess the effect of each variable on cognition and personality adjusted to the remainders.

Results.

Although snake body temperature was found to vary based on several variables treated independently, two separate three-way interactions among variables were significant. We believe our results support the notion that P. c. sayi thermoconforms to environmental conditions in the upper Midwest, but more research on the topic is necessary. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors containing the alpha4 and beta2 subunits constitute the most abundant high-affinity binding site of nicotine in the brain and are critical for the addictive qualities of nicotine. 5-HT neurotransmission is thought to be an important contributor to nicotine addiction. Therefore

in this study it was examined how alpha4-containing receptors are positioned to modulate the function of 5-HT neurons using ultrastructural analysis of immunolabeling for the alpha4 receptor subunit in the dorsal raphe nucleus 4SC-202 purchase (DR), a primary source of forebrain 5-HT in the rat. Of 150 profiles labeled for the alpha4 subunit, 140 or 93% consisted of either soma or dendrites, these were often small-caliber (distal) dendrites <11.5 mu m in diameter (63/150 or 42%). The majority (107/150 or 71%) of profiles containing labeling for alpha4 were dually labeled for the synthetic enzyme for 5-HT, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH). Within dendrites immunogold labeling for alpha4

was present on the plasma membrane or near postsynaptic densities. However, labeling for alpha4 was commonly localized to the cytoplasmic compartment

often associated with smooth endoplasmic Geneticin order reticulum, plausibly representing receptors in transit to or from the plasma membrane. Previous studies have suggested that nicotine presynaptically regulates activity onto 5-HT neurons, however alpha4 immunolabeling was detected ID-8 in only 10 axons in the DR or 7% of profiles sampled. This finding suggest that alpha4 containing receptors are minor contributors to presynaptic regulation of synaptic activity onto 5-HT neurons, but rather alpha4 containing receptors are positioned to influence 5-HT neurons directly at postsynaptic sites. (C) 2008 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“1. Lipid peroxidation in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) and liver was studied in rats acclimated to room (23 +/- 1 degrees C) and low temperature (5 +/- 1 degrees C, 42 days), as well as in animals exposed to 5 +/- 1 degrees C for 24 h; in addition, the tissue metallothionein (MT) and iron were determined.

2. The short- and long-term cold exposure did not affect lipid peroxidation in the iBAT, but increased the process in the liver.

3. The tissue MT analysis showed that the protein might protect iBAT but not liver against oxidative damage, especially during short-term cold exposure.

4. The tissue iron analysis revealed that there was no direct relationship of the total tissue Fe to lipid peroxidation during cold exposure. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.