In vitro sensitivity of P. vivax isolates was evaluated by schizont maturation inhibition assay.

Results: All patients showed satisfactory response to treatment. The cure rate was virtually 100% within the follow-up period of 42 days. Neither recurrence of P. vivax parasitaemia nor appearance of P. falciparum occurred during the investigation period. In vitro data showed a stable sensitivity of chloroquine

in this area since 2006. Geometric mean and median (95% CI) values of IC50 for chloroquine Dibutyryl-cAMP were 100.1 and 134.7 (1.1-264.9) nM, respectively.

Conclusion: In vivo results suggest that the standard regimen of chloroquine was still very effective for the treatment of blood infections with P. vivax in the Thai-Myanmar border area. In vitro sensitivity data however, raise the possibility of potential advent of resistance in the future. Regular monitoring of the chloroquine sensitivity of P. vivax is essential to facilitate the early recognition of treatment failures and to expedite the formulation of appropriate changes to the drug policy.”
“BACKGROUND: Induction therapy with Ruboxistaurin chemical structure antithymocyte globulin (ATG) after heart transplantation (HTx) has never been assessed in a placebo-controlled randomized trial. We investigated trends in use

of ATG and its relationship to outcome after HTx in a national cohort.

METHODS: Between July 1995 and March 2008, 2,151 adult HTxs were performed. Patients given

OKT3 or an interleukin-2 receptor antagonist, repeat transplants, heterotopic, and multi-organ transplants were excluded, leaving 2,086 HTx for analysis. Of these, 1,143 (55%) received induction with ATG.

RESULTS: The proportion of patients given ATG increased from 26% in June 1995 to 75% in August 2007 (p < 0.01). The age and gender distributions P005091 of recipients and donors were similar in the ATG and non-ATG groups. Survival to 10 years was similar: 56.2% in the non-ATG group vs 55.9% in the ATG group (p = 0.95). The number of treated rejection episodes in the first year was lower in the ATG group (incidence rate ratio, 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68-0.85, p < 0.01), but the number of infective episodes was higher (incidence rate ratio, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.00-1.39, p = 0.048), and these differences remained after risk adjustment, with an adjusted incidence rate ratio of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.75-0.95, p < 0.01) and 1.21 (95% CI, 1.02-1.44; p = 0.027). Deaths due to infective causes were higher in the ATG group (p = 0.03).

CONCLUSION: There has been a trend towards an increased use of induction therapy. There was no change in overall survival, but ATG induction was associated with a decreased incidence of rejection and an increase in infection. J Heart Lung Transplant 2011;30:770-7 (C) 2011 International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. All rights reserved.

Methods: Maternal serum concentration of high-sensitivity CRP at 11-13 weeks’ gestation was measured in a case-control study of singleton pregnancies delivering phenotypically normal neonates, including 30 cases with spontaneous delivery before 34 weeks, with 15 cases presenting with contractions and 15 cases presenting with preterm premature rupture of membranes, and 90 matched

controls delivering after 37 weeks. The median multiple of the median (MoM) serum CRP in the two outcome groups was compared. Results: The median serum CRP MoM was not significantly different in the spontaneous early preterm delivery group compared to the term delivery group (1.101, IQR = 0.572-1.985 vs. 0.975, IQR

= 0.577-1.923; p = 0.813). The prevalence of CRP MoM above the 75th percentile was not significantly different between the early preterm delivery group compared to the click here term delivery group (26.7 vs. 24.4%; p = 0.811). In the preterm delivery group, the median serum CRP MoM in those presenting with contractions was not significantly different from those presenting with PPROM (1.175, IQR = 0.403-2.122 vs. 1.027, IQR = 0.659-1.940; p = 0.713). High-sensitivity CRP did not significantly improve prediction for preterm delivery over regular CRP. Conclusions: Measurement of maternal serum CRP at 11-13 weeks is unlikely to be useful in screening for spontaneous early preterm delivery.”
“In children primary tuberculosis disease is more common than reactivation disease. www.selleckchem.com/products/ch5424802.html Due to immunologic immaturity, the incidence of TB following ACY-1215 datasheet infection is higher in young children than in older children and adults. Children are immunologically, mature by about 5 years of age, at which time the incidence of TB falls to adult rates and they begin to get adult type disease. When you look at the IGRA studies in children with active TB, and put the studies

together, the numbers are still quite small. In seven reported studies looking at the sensitivity of the TST vs. QFT-G/GIT in active TB patients aged <18 years, the TST performs well in terms of sensitivity. The sensitivity of the IGRA in these combined studies is not as high, but the ranges in these seven studies are similar to what is seen in adults. There are less data for the T-SPOT.TB test, but in four available studies looking at children aged years, T-SPOT performs quite well. Regarding specificity in children with the IGRA, a German study of 28 children with confirmed TB reported good sensitivity and specificity data for both tests. (Specificity was low for the TST in this study.) The other study on IGRAs in children was a Korean study in BCG-vaccinated children where 62 children aged 2 months to 14 years of age were tested; none of them had a known risk for TB and none were QFT-positive.

Upon optimization, nylon, PLACL, and PVC fibers deposition to fabricate a confined area with less than 4 mm, diameter and fibers stripes with a width of 0.15 mm are achieved. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012″
“Using isotopic screens, phylogenetic assessments, and 45 years of physiological data, it is now possible Salubrinal cell line to identify most of the evolutionary lineages expressing

the C-4 photosynthetic pathway. Here, 62 recognizable lineages of C-4 photosynthesis are listed. Thirty-six lineages (60%) occur in the eudicots. Monocots account for 26 lineages, with a minimum of 18 lineages being present in the grass family and six in the sedge family. Species exhibiting the C-3-C-4 intermediate type of photosynthesis correspond to 21 lineages. Of these, 9 are not immediately associated with any C-4 lineage, indicating that they did not share common C-3-C-4 ancestors with C-4 species and are instead an independent line. The geographic centre of origin for 47 of the lineages could be estimated. These centres tend to cluster in areas corresponding to what are now arid to semi-arid regions of southwestern North America, south-central South America, central Asia, northeastern and southern Africa, and inland Australia. With 62 independent lineages, C-4 photosynthesis has to be

considered one of the most convergent of the complex 3-Methyladenine mw evolutionary phenomena on planet Earth, and is thus an outstanding system to C59 purchase study the mechanisms of evolutionary adaptation.”
“Background: Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become the preferred reperfusion strategy in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. Early identification of patients at risk for developing cardiogenic shock allows rapid decision making to determine reperfusion and transportation to a PCI centre. The aim of this analysis was to evaluate shock index (SI) as a marker for patients at risk of cardiogenic shock.

Methods:

A total of 644 consecutive patients (73% male) with acute myocardial infarction with ST elevations were analyzed retrospectively. Primary PCI was performed in 92% of patients, and 7% of patients underwent rescue PCI. The SI parameter was defined as the ratio of heart rate to systolic blood pressure at hospital admission.

Results: SI (odds ratio [OR], 81.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.76-676.51; P < 0.001), age (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.08-1.26; P < 0.001), and diabetes (OR, 4.94; 95% CI, 1.44-16.97; P < 0.011) were independent predictors of mortality. In the group of patients with SI >= 0.8, 20% died, whereas in the group with SI < 0.8, 4% of patients died (P < 0.01).

Conclusions: The proposed clinical parameter SI correlates with patients’ prognosis and could therefore be used as a simple indicator of mortality risk of acute myocardial infarction.

Rats in group II were injected with carbon tetrachloride every other day for 1 month, whereas rats in group III were injected with carbon tetrachloride and caffeic acid phenethyl ester every other day for 1 month. At the end of the experiment, all animals were killed by decapitation and their livers were removed. Liver tissues were processed for electron microscopy. Histopathologically, hepatocytes of rats treated with carbon tetrachloride had damage in the cytoplasmic organelles and nuclei membranes

as MLN4924 nmr well as an excessive lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes. However, those histopathological changes were reduced with the coadministration of carbon tetrachloride and caffeic acid phenethyl ester. We conclude that caffeic acid phenethyl ester treatment has the capability to prevent carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats.</.”
“Objective. This study evaluates the spatial resolution of cone beam computed tomography for dental use (CBCT) via modulation transfer function (MTF) analyses.

Study

Design. Two models of CBCT system, 3DX FPD8 and FineCube v.12, were used. MTF analysis was applied to each CBCT system using a thin tungsten wire technique.

Results. The MTF curves in the radial direction on the XY-plane were concordant regardless of position, whereas Bcr-Abl inhibitor the curves in the azimuthal direction tended to decrease as the distance from the rotation center increased. In the Z-axis direction, the MTF curve of the medial level of the field of view was superior to that of any other level.

Conclusion. The spatial resolution of CBCT systems depends on the location within the field of view. Because the spatial resolution was the highest in the medial level and rotation center position, an object should be placed at this position during a CBCT examination.”
“Aim:

To estimate the effect of 0.9% saline during bipolar resectoscopy and 1.5% glycine during monopolar resectoscopy on hemodynamic, biochemical and hematological parameters.

Material

& Methods:

A prospective randomized study in a tertiary care university Bucladesine nmr hospital and comprising of 155 patients scheduled for hysteroscopic myomectomy. They were subjected to bipolar resectoscopic myomectomy utilizing 0.9% saline in group A, and monopolar resectoscopic myomectomy utilizing 1.5% glycine in group B. Perioperative measurements of hemodynamic, hematological, and biochemical changes in all cases were reported. Likewise, intrauterine pressure throughout the different procedures was recorded. Main outcome measures: intraoperative difference with regards to fluid volume and subsequent systemic changes specially osmolarity.

Results:

A significant increase of central venous pressure, end diastolic volume, end diastolic index, stroke volume, stroke index, cardiac output, cardiac index, postoperative prothrombin time and postoperative partial thromboplastin time in both groups with positive correlations between the absorbed fluid volume and these measurements in both groups.

In order to induce spermatogenesis, HH patients are treated with commercially available gonadotrophins. As far as is known, quality and genetic integrity of induced

sperm cells have never been investigated, although they represent an important issue, since the ultimate goal MAPK Inhibitor Library manufacturer of this treatment is to have competent spermatozoa in order to achieve paternity. In order to evaluate the nuclear integrity of induced sperm cells, sperm samples from treated HH patients were compared with sperm samples from normospermic control donors. Sperm cells were analysed by fluorescence in-situ hybridization, using probes specific for chromosomes 13, 21, 18, X and Y, and by TdT (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase)-mediated dUDP nick-end labelling assay. Results showed that the rate of aneuploid and diploid sperm cells in patients was not statistically different from controls and that the rate of sperm cells with fragmented DNA was within the normal

values. Spermatozoa obtained by gonadotrophin treatment in HH patients are likely to have a balanced chromosomal content and a normal DNA integrity but this conclusion needs to be confirmed by further studies dealing with a greater number of patients. (C) 2010, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. see more Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objective. The course of non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (BC) staged T1G3 is hardly predictable and treatment is subject of intensive debate. In muscle-invasive BC, the infiltrative growth pattern at the tumour invasion front was able to predict patients’ survival, in contrast to the nodular and trabecular growth pattern. The aim of this study was to evaluate this aspect in a series of primary T1G3 BC. Material and methods. The clinical and histopathological characteristics of patients with initial T1G3 BC treated between 1990 and 2007 at a single institute were retrospectively analysed. After independent blinded reassessment by two uropathologists, 205 patients were included Vadimezan molecular weight in the study. The mean follow-up period was 6.7 years (range 0.4-13.2 years).

All patients underwent transurethral resection of the bladder and opted for either initial cystectomy (19%) or repeat resection followed by adjuvant Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) instillation therapy (81%). In total, 34% of patients were cystectomied. Results. The most common invasion subtype was nodular (43.9%), followed by infiltrative (42.0%) and trabecular (14.1%) growth patterns. Progression and recurrence-free survival did not differ. However, cancer-specific survival rate was statistically significantly worse in infiltrative (59.3%) than in nodular (91.1%) and trabecular (86.2%) subtypes. These results were detected in the patient subgroups with initial radical cystectomy (p0.01) and a primary bladder-sparing approach (p=0.02).

Hence, it was hypothesized that this PAS2 residue forms a key distinction between the phyA

and phyB phytochrome species.”
“Background: Sleep-disordered breathing is a common condition associated with adverse health outcomes including hypertension and cardiovascular disease. The overall objective of this study was to determine whether sleep-disordered breathing and its sequelae of intermittent hypoxemia and recurrent arousals are associated with mortality in a community sample of adults aged 40 years or older.

Methods and Findings: We prospectively examined whether sleep-disordered breathing was associated with an increased risk of death from any cause in 6,441 men and women participating in the Sleep Heart Health Study. Sleep-disordered breathing was assessed with the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) based on an in-home selleck products polysomnogram. Survival analysis and proportional hazards regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios for mortality after adjusting for age, sex, race, smoking status, body mass index, and prevalent medical conditions. The average follow-up period for the cohort was 8.2 y during which 1,047 participants (587 men and 460 women) died. Compared to those GSK1120212 without sleep-disordered breathing (AHI: <5 events/h), the fully adjusted hazard ratios

for all-cause mortality in those with mild (AHI: 5.0-14.9 events/h), moderate (AHI: 15.0-29.9 events/h), and severe (AHI: >= 30.0 events/h) sleep-disordered breathing were 0.93 (95% CI: 0.80-1.08), 1.17 (95% CI: 0.97-1.42), and

1.46 (95% CI: 1.14-1.86), respectively. Stratified analyses by sex and age showed that the increased risk of death associated with severe sleep-disordered breathing was statistically significant in men aged 40-70 y (hazard ratio: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.31-3.33). Measures of sleep-related intermittent hypoxemia, but not sleep fragmentation, were independently associated with all-cause mortality. Coronary artery disease-related mortality associated with sleep-disordered breathing showed a pattern of association similar to all-cause mortality.

Conclusions: Sleep-disordered breathing is associated with all-cause mortality and specifically that due to coronary artery disease, particularly in men aged 40-70 y with severe sleep-disordered breathing.”
“The electronic Selleckchem QNZ transport process in nanotubes and nanowires along their axes is investigated. Attention is focused on the distribution of current within the structure, which is found to exhibit well-defined oscillations in the radial direction. The case in which an external magnetic field parallel to the nanowire or nanotube axis is applied to the system is also considered. In all cases, the origin of the oscillations and corresponding periods are identified. Effects of this behavior on the transport properties of nanotubes and nanowires are noted. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3653972]“
“Nishi S.

Embryo aneuploidy, a major cause of IVF failure, has been correlated with specific morphokinetic variables used previously to develop an aneuploidy risk classification model. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and potential impact of this model for unselected IVF patients without biopsy and preimplantation genetic

screening (PGS). Embryo outcomes – no implantation, fetal heart beat (FHB) and live birth (LB) – of 88 transferred blastocysts were compared according to calculated aneuploidy risk classes (low, medium, high). A significant difference was seen for FHB (P < 0.0001) and LB (P < 0.01) rates between embryos classified buy AZD5582 as low and medium risk. Within the low-risk class, relative increases of 74% and 56%, compared with rates for all blastocysts, were observed for FHB and LB respectively.

The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.75 for FHB and 0.74 for LB. This study demonstrates the clinical relevance of the aneuploidy risk classification model and introduces a novel, non-invasive method of embryo selection to yield higher implantation and live birth rates without PGS. RBMOnline (C) 2013, Reproductive Healthcare Ltd. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“We demonstrate spin-transfer switching of nanomagnetic devices composed of Co/Pt multilayer electrodes with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. In order to obtain highly spin-polarized current, we have proposed the adoption of thick Co

adjacent layers. The film stack has been optimized so that see more two different Co/Pt multilayer electrodes switch separately, with check details each having narrow switching field distribution. Detrimental effects of surface roughness have been observed and minimized to achieve well-defined switching behavior. Diverse nanopillar devices fabricated by e-beam lithography and subsequent processes show well-defined single step switching in both perpendicular field and injected current applications. The critical current density obtained is comparable to that of Co/Ni electrode based devices, indicating enhanced spin-transfer efficiency. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3072822]“
“This study assessed the true accuracy of follicular output rate (FORT) as a prognostic indicator of response to FSH and reproductive competence after IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection. A total of 1643 cycles, including 140 polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients who underwent ovarian stimulation, were studied. FORT was calculated as the ratio of preovulatory follicle count on the day of stimulation x 100/small antral follicle count (3-10 mm in diameter) at baseline. Low, medium and high FORT groups were defined according to tertile values. Among 1503 non-PCOS cycles, numbers of retrieved oocytes and of all embryos that could be transferred, as well as rates of good-quality embryos, embryo implantations and clinical pregnancies, progressively increased with FORT.

One of the main elements of the stroma, a major contributor to the extracellular environment of tumors, is carcinoma-associated fibroblasts. They can originate from either normal fibroblasts in the immediate vicinity of the tumor or from circulating bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. These myofibroblasts can arise locally from an endothelial-mesenchymal transformation at the invasive edge of the cancer and are physically associated with carcinoma cells, that is, in the development of high-grade malignancies and poor prognosis. These carcinoma-associated fibroblasts feed the

epithelial tumor cells in a host-parasite relationship establishing its role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma selleck chemicals progression.”
“Aim: Shakuyaku-kanzo-to (SK) is a herbal medicine and is known to possess an antispasmodic effect on skeletal muscle and intestinal smooth muscle. However, it is unclear whether SK is effective in antagonizing uterine smooth muscle contractions. Herein, we investigated the effects of SK on smooth muscle contractions of human pregnant uterine samples. Material and Methods: We prepared myometrial strips from uterine tissues of pregnant women who underwent cesarean section for obstetrical indications, and examined the inhibitory effects of SK and its components, shakuyaku (S) and kanzo (K), on agonist-induced

and spontaneous contractions in vitro. Oxytocin, prostaglandinF2a, and high KCl were utilized as agonists in this study. Results: SK inhibited agonist-induced and spontaneous contractions in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of SK on oxytocin-induced contractions occurred at MI-503 mouse a concentration of 100 mu g/mL and reached maximum effect at a concentration of more than 1000 mu CH5183284 cost g/mL. The half max inhibitory concentration of SK was approximately 440 mu g/mL in oxytocin-induced contractions.

SK at 1000 mu g/mL completely inhibited the oxytocin- and prostaglandinF2a-induced contractions but not the high KCl-induced contractions. The inhibitory effects on agonist-induced contractions of K, but not S, matched those of SK. Conclusion: These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of SK on smooth muscle contractions is due to K. The mechanism of the inhibitory effects of SK on oxytocin- and prostaglandinF2a-induced contractions may differ from that on KCl-induced contractions.”
“Barrett esophagus is a precancerous metaplasia of the esophagus that is more common in patients with chronic reflux symptoms, although it also occurs in patients without symptomatic reflux. Other risk factors include smoking, male sex, obesity, white race, hiatal hernia, and increasing age (particularly older than 50 years). Although Barrett esophagus is a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma, its management and the need for screening or surveillance endoscopy are debatable. The annual incidence of progression to esophageal cancer is 0.12% to 0.

Thus, copper induced the synthesis of ascorbate, glutathione and PCs in U. compressa suggesting that these compounds are involved in copper tolerance. Interestingly, U. compressa is, until now, the only ulvophyte

showing ASC, GSH and PCs synthesis in response to copper excess. (C) 2011 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.”
“We report the cases of 3 children with plastic Apoptosis Compound Library cell line bronchitis associated with 2009 H1N1 influenza virus infection. These 3 children shared common clinical and radiologic features: rapid and progressive respiratory distress with whole lung atelectasis on chest radiograph. In children with severe respiratory symptoms accompanied by H1N1 influenza, plastic bronchitis should be considered.”
“Metastable paramagnetic face-centered cubic (fcc) Fe films grown on a Cu(100) single crystal at room temperature can be transformed to the ferromagnetic body-centered cubic (bcc) structure by ion irradiation. We have employed this technique to write small ferromagnetic patches by Ar+ irradiation through a gold coated SiN mask with regularly arranged 80-nm diameter holes, which was placed on top of the as-prepared fcc Fe films. Nanopatterning was performed on both 8-monolayer (ML) Fe films grown in ultrahigh vacuum as well as 22-ML films stabilized by dosing carbon monoxide during growth. The structural transformation

of these nano-patterned films was investigated GSK 4529 using scanning tunneling microscopy. In both 8 and 22-ML fcc Fe films, the Cell Cycle inhibitor bcc needles are found to

protrude laterally out of the irradiated part of the sample, limiting the resolution of the technique to a few 10 nm. The magnetic transformation was confirmed by magnetic force microscopy. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3609078]“
“In general, wild tomato species are more salt tolerant than cultivated species, a trait that is related to enhanced Na+ accumulation in aerial parts in the wild species, but the molecular basis for these differences is not known. Plant NHX proteins have been suggested to be important for salt tolerance by promoting accumulation of Na+ or K+ inside vacuoles. Therefore, differences in expression or activity of NHX proteins in tomato could be at the basis of the enhanced salt tolerance in wild tomato species. To test this hypothesis, we studied the expression level of four NHX genes in the salt sensitive cultivated species Solanum lycopersicum L cv. Volgogradskij and the salt tolerant wild species Solanum pimpinelifolium L in response to salt stress. First, we determined that in the absence of salt stress, the RNA abundance of LeNHX2,3 and 4 was comparable in both species, while more LeNHX1 RNA was detected in the tolerant species. LeNHX2 and LeNHX3 showed comparable expression levels and were present in all tissues, while LeNHX4 was expressed above all in stem and fruit tissues.

“
“Although oxidative stress has been previously described in

plants exposed to uranium (U), some uncertainty remains about the role of glutathione and tocopherol availability in the different responsiveness of plants to photo-oxidative damage. Moreover, in most cases, little consideration is given to the role of water transport in shoot heavy metal accumulation. Here, we investigated the effect of uranyl nitrate exposure (50 mu M) on PSII and parameters involved in water transport (leaf transpiration and aquaporin gene expression) of Arabidopsis wild type (WT) and mutant plants that are deficient in tocopherol (vte1: null alpha/gamma-tocopherol and vte4: null alpha-tocopherol) and glutathione biosynthesis (high content: cad1.3 and low content: Ro-3306 cad2.1). We show how Thiazovivin in vitro U exposure induced photosynthetic inhibition that entailed an electron sink/source imbalance that caused PSII photoinhibition in the mutants. The WT was the only line where U did not damage PSII. The increase in energy thermal dissipation observed in all the plants exposed to U did not avoid photo-oxidative

damage of mutants. The maintenance of control of glutathione and malondialdehyde contents probed to be target points for the overcoming of photoinhibition in the WT. The relationship between leaf U content and leaf transpiration confirmed the relevance of water transport in heavy metals partitioning and accumulation in leaves, with the consequent implication of susceptibility to oxidative stress.”
“While many women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are overweight, obese or centrally obese, the effect of excess weight on the outcomes of PCOS is inconsistent. The review aimed to assess the effects Roscovitine of overweight, obesity and central obesity on the reproductive, metabolic and psychological features of PCOS. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and PSYCINFO were searched for studies reporting outcomes according to body mass index categories or body fat distribution. Data were presented as mean difference or risk ratio (95% confidence interval). This review included 30 eligible studies. Overweight or obese women with PCOS had decreased sex

hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), increased total testosterone, free androgen index, hirsutism, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance index and worsened lipid profile. Obesity significantly worsened all metabolic and reproductive outcomes measured except for hirsutism when compared to normal weight women with PCOS. Overweight women had no differences in total testosterone, hirsutism, total-cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol compared to normal weight women and no differences in SHBG and total testosterone compared to obese women. Central obesity was associated with higher fasting insulin levels. These results suggest that prevention and treatment of obesity is important for the management of PCOS.