Quantified Ab load in the brain biopsy showed a negative correlation with CSF levels of Ab42 in ventricular (r = 20.295, p = 0.003) and lumbar (r = 20.356, p = 0.01) samples, while the levels of Ab38 and Ab40 showed no correlation. CSF levels of proinflammatory cytokines and biomarkers of neuronal damage did not associate to the brain biopsy findings, diagnosis, or shunt response. Higher lumbar/ventricular CSF IL-8 ratios (p smaller than 0.001) were seen in lumbar samples collected after ventriculostomy compared to the samples collected before the procedure. Conclusions: The role

of sAPP isoforms in iNPH seems to be independent from the amyloid SB203580 cascade. No neuroinflammatory background was observed in iNPH or AD.”
“Approximately ten percent of male infertility is caused by non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), but the etiologies of many NOA remain elusive. Recently, a genome-wide association study

(GWAS) of NOA in Han Chinese men was conducted, and only a few genetic variants associated GNS-1480 research buy with NOA were found, which might have resulted from genetic heterogeneity. However, those variants that lack genome-wide significance might still be essential for fertility. Functional analysis of genes surrounding these variants in Drosophila identified some spermatogenesis-essential genes. As a complementary method of Drosophila screening, SK1 background Saccharomvces cerevisiae was used as a model to screen meiosis-related genes from the A-1210477 ic50 NOA GWAS data in this study. After functional screening, GDA1 (orthologous to human ENTPD6) was found to be a novel meiosis-related gene. The deletion of GDA1 resulted in the failure of yeast sporulation. Further investigations showed that Gda1p was important for pre-meiotic S phase entry. Interestingly,

the meiotic role of Gda1p was dependent on its guanosine diphosphatase activity, but not it’s cytoplasmic, transmembrane or stem domains. These yeast data suggest that ENTPD6 may be a novel meiosis-associated NOA-related gene, and the yeast model provides a good approach to analyze GWAS results of NOA.”
“Background & objectives: The study was taken up to define criteria of normality for meiosis by assessing the frequency of meiotic prophase cell types, the frequency of pachytene substage in normal and abnormal spermatogenesis and to determine what synaptonemal complex.\n\nMethods: A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the first meiotic prophase was performed in 10 patients presenting with non-obstructive infertility and 10 controls, using dual colour immunocytochemistry with SCP3 and BRCA1 which visualise axial elements and synaptonemal complexes (SC). The respective frequencies of the leptotene, zygotene and pachytene stages as well as the frequencies of the four substages of pachytene were evaluated. The frequencies of the main types of meiotic abnormalities at pachytene were also assessed.\n\nResults: The frequencies of leptotene and zygotene stages were significantly higher in patients (7.

Whole blood from 10 healthy volunteers was incubated with 50 pg/ml LPS with or without 13 mu g/ml linezolid (concentrations were chosen to reflect in vivo conditions) for 2 and 4 hours (h). Quantitative real-time PCR was performed from messenger RNA (mRNA) of IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 or TNF-alpha. Cytokine levels in the supernatant were measured by ELISA for IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha. Incubation of human whole blood with LPS increased mRNA levels of cytokines several click here thousand fold compared with baseline. The addition of linezolid significantly

reduced mRNA levels of IL-1-beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha (p < 0.05) after 2 and 4 h. LPS stimulation also increased levels of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-a between 100 and 1000-fold. However, in contrast to mRNA – except for IL-6 – no significant reduction at protein level was observed. These results indicate that immunosuppressive effects of linezolid on mRNA transcription

are only partially reflected by cytokine release.”
“The strongest known circular polarization of biotic origin is the left-circularly polarized (LCP) light reflected from the metallic shiny exocuticle of certain beetles of the family Scarabaeidae. This phenomenon has been discovered by Michelson in 1911. Although since 1955 it has been known JQ-EZ-05 clinical trial that the human eye perceives a visual illusion when stimulated by circularly polarized (CP) light, it was discovered only recently that a stomatopod shrimp is able to perceive circular polarization. selleck chemicals It is pertinent to suppose that scarab beetles reflecting LCP light in an optical environment (vegetation) being deficient in CP signals may also perceive circular

polarization and use it to find each other (mate/conspecifics) as until now it has been believed. We tested this hypothesis in six choice experiments with several hundred individuals of four scarab species: Anomala dubia, Anomala vitis (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Rutelinae), and Cetonia aurata, Potosia cuprea (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae), all possessing left-circularly polarizing exocuticle. From the results of our experiments we conclude that the studied four scarab species are not attracted to CP light when feeding or looking for mate or conspecifics. We demonstrated that the light reflected by host plants of the investigated scarabs is circularly unpolarized. Our results finally solve a puzzle raised over one hundred years ago, when Michaelson discovered that scarab beetles reflect circularly polarized light. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Staphylococcal enterotoxins are major causing agents of food-borne diseases. Their detection in food remnants for risk assessment or food poisoning outbreaks investigation suffers from a lack in comprehensive immunological tools.

Conclusions: There may be a significantly different response to PDT between two angiographic phenotypes of PCV. (C) 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“Background: Polio eradication remains a challenge in Pakistan and the causes for the failure to eradicate poliomyelitis are complex. Undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies, especially zinc deficiency, are major public health problems in Pakistan and could potentially affect the response to enteric vaccines, including oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Objective: To assess the impact of zinc supplementation among infants on immune response to oral poliovirus A1155463 vaccine (OPV). Methods: A

double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial was conducted in newborns (aged 0-14 days). Subjects were assigned to either receive 10 mg of zinc or placebo supplementation daily for 18 weeks. Both groups received OPV doses at birth, at 6 weeks, 10 weeks and 14 weeks. Data was collected on prior immunization status, diarrheal episodes, breastfeeding practices and anthropometric measurements at recruitment and at 6 and 18 weeks. Blood samples were similarly collected to determine the

antibody response to OPV and for micronutrient analysis. Logistic Bcl-2 apoptosis pathway regression was used to determine the relationship between seroconversion and zinc status. Results: Overall, 404 subjects were recruited. At recruitment, seropositivity was already high for poliovirus (PV) serotype 1 (zinc: 91.1%; control: 90.5%) and PV2 (90.0%; 92.7%), with lower estimates for PV3 (70.0%; 64.8%).

By week 18, the proportion of subjects with measured zinc levels in the normal range (i.e. bigger than = 60 mu g/dL) was significantly greater in the intervention group compared to the control group (71.9%; 27.4%; p smaller than 0.001). No significant difference in seroconversion was demonstrated between the groups for PV1, PV2, or PV3. Conclusions: There was no effect of zinc supplementation on OPV immunogenicity. These conclusions were confirmed when restricting the analysis to those with measured higher zinc levels. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Accumulation ALK inhibitor of the DNA/RNA binding protein fused in sarcoma as cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons and glial cells is the pathological hallmark of all patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with mutations in FUS as well as in several subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, which are not associated with FUS mutations. The mechanisms leading to inclusion formation and fused in sarcoma-associated neurodegeneration are only poorly understood. Because fused in sarcoma belongs to a family of proteins known as FET, which also includes Ewing’s sarcoma and TATA-binding protein-associated factor 15, we investigated the potential involvement of these other FET protein family members in the pathogenesis of fused in sarcoma proteinopathies.

4 +/- 1.6 s (foam), and 21.0 +/- 2.9 s (firm), 3.3 +/- 1.6s (foam), respectively. For TG, there was an order effect (P<.001) but no age, sex or BMI effects. FTN demonstrated a dominant arm preference (P<.001), sex (P=.006),

BM I (P=.043) and order effects (P<.001). SLS demonstrated an order effect on the firm surface (P=.009) and an order (P<.001) and BMI (P=.001) effect on foam. Intra-rater reliability, as measured by ICC (3,3), demonstrated that TG and FTN had excellent reliability compared to SLS. FIN and TG should continue to be used in test batteries to determine neurological function in sports-related concussion. (C) MK-0518 cost 2009 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Some Nigerian studies have reported cases of the metabolic syndrome in the population. This study aims to assess the prevalence of the components of the metabolic syndrome in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) worldwide definition. Methods: Eighty-nine T2DM

patients were studied after an overnight fast. The patients’ blood pressure, anthropometric indices, and biochemical parameters were measured. The components of the metabolic syndrome-raised blood pressure, waist circumference, triglycerides (TGs), Bindarit ic50 and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)-were calculated using the IDF definition for the European ethnic group. Results: About 25% of the patients had raised blood pressure ( bigger than 130/85 mmHg), with the male patients having higher prevalence of raised systolic blood pressure (SBP bigger than 130 mmHg) than the female patients (73.3 vs. 52.3%, P smaller than 0.05). Although the prevalence of raised TGs

did not differ in gender, more females than males had reduced HDL-C (77.3 vs. 46.7%, P smaller than 0.001). Although generalized obesity is similar in both gender (17.8% vs. 31.8%, P bigger than 0.05), abdominal obesity predominates significantly in female patients (97.7 vs. 68.9%, P smaller than 0.001). Overall, total obesity (P smaller than 0.05), raised blood pressure (P smaller than 0.05), raised TGs, and reduced HDL-C are significantly clustered SC79 purchase in abdominally obese patients. Conclusion: It is concluded that the abdominally obese T2DM patients had a higher cluster of the components of the metabolic syndrome and are consequently at greater risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We recommend that diabetes education emphasizing the risk of CVD in patients with increased abdominal fat should be intensified in the developing countries.”
“Background/Aim: Lymphoma, the most common hematopoietic cancer in dogs is sensitive to chemotherapy which is the dominant treatment method.

\n\nMethods: CsA levels from EDTA samples and heparinized samples were compared using the CEDIA assay on a BeckmanCoulter DXC. Also, CsA levels from heparinized blood were compared using the CEDIA assay (BeckmanCoulter) and the FPIA assay (Abbott Axsym).\n\nResults:

CsA levels from EDTA blood (x) and heparinized blood (y, n=81) showed very good correlation without deviation from linearity by Passing-Bablok analysis (y=-2.4524+ 1.0210x). In 187 samples obtained from heparinized blood, CsA levels determined by using the CEDIA assay (x) or the FPIA assay (y) also correlated equally well by Passing-Bablok analysis (y=6.1922+1.0221x), also without deviation from linearity.\n\nConclusion: Tariquidar datasheet CsA determination from heparinized blood is easy to perform and accurate with the two assays described and evaluated. Using heparinized blood reduces handling time as well as hands on time. We suggest that this methodology be formally evaluated by the manufacturers for inclusion

into CE labelling of their products to allow improved laboratory work flow. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The short-day plant, Lemna paucicostata (synonym Lemna aeguinoctialis), was induced to flower when cultured in tap water without any additional nutrition see more under non-inductive long-day conditions. Flowering occurred in all three of the tested strains, and strain 6746 was the most sensitive to the starvation stress conditions. For each strain, the stress-induced flowering response was weaker than that induced by short-day treatment, and the stress-induced flowering of strain 6746 was completely inhibited by aminooxyacetic acid and L-2-aminooxy-3-phenylpropionic acid, which are inhibitors of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Significantly PD173074 mw higher amounts of endogenous salicylic acid (SA) were detected in the fronds that flowered under the poor-nutrition conditions than in the vegetative fronds cultured under nutrition conditions, and exogenously applied SA promoted the flowering response. The results indicate that endogenous SA plays a role in the regulation of stress-induced

flowering. (C) 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.”
“Background & aims: Low serum vitamin D levels (25-OH-vit D2/3) are reported to be associated with thicker melanomas and poorer outcome. Vitamin A metabolites and vitamin D bind to the same heterodimeric receptor. We report a study testing the hypothesis that high vitamin A levels may reduce the protective effect of vitamin D on outcome.\n\nMethods: Serum vitamin A levels were measured in 795 melanoma cases and assessed for association with Breslow thickness, overall (OS) and melanoma-specific survival (MSS), and modification of the effect of vitamin D levels on survival.\n\nResults: Higher vitamin A levels (>= 2.2 mu mol/l) conferred a non-significant increased risk of melanoma-specific death (adjusted HR = 1.11, 95%CI(0.74-1.67), p = 0.60) but not for death overall (adjusted HR = 0.95, 95%CI(0.65-1.39), p = 0.79).

This study aims to determine the utility of routine PIV catheter placement during phlebotomy.\n\nMethods: LY2606368 chemical structure Electronic medical and billing records from 2 tertiary care PEDs during 1 year in patients 21 years or younger were analyzed. Data on the presence of PIV catheter placement in the PED, subsequent PIV catheter usage, chief complaint, and demographics were tabulated and analyzed.\n\nResults: During the study period, there were 131,003 PED visits analyzed and 26,776 PIV catheters

placed. Of those placed, 12,475 (47%) were not used. The median age of the patients who received a PIV catheter that was not subsequently used was 36 months. The frequency of unused PIV catheters correlates with lower initial triage acuity. The highest rate of unused PIV catheter was in those 1 to 6 months old (63%), followed by that in groups younger than 1 month (57%), older than 6 to 24 months (52%), and older than 24 months (41%).\n\nConclusions: Nearly half of the PIV catheters placed in the PED were unused. Unused PIV catheters represent an inefficient use of limited resources that could be redistributed to improve ED efficiency, flow, and resource use.”
“Fornix rupture during pregnancy is rare. To be able to initiate the optimal therapy it is important to distinguish the spontaneous fornix rupture from the rupture caused by an obstruction.

We report on a patient in the 18th selleckchem week Caspase pathway of pregnancy with strong flank pain on the left side. By means of MR urography the diagnosis of a left fornix rupture due to an obstructive stone could be made. A double-J catheter was placed in the left ureter and the patient received oral antibiotics.”
“Normal testicular physiology results from the integrated function of the tubular and interstitial compartments. Serum markers of interstitial tissue function are testosterone and insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3), whereas tubular function can be assessed by sperm count, morphology and

motility, and serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and inhibin B. The classical definition of male hypogonadism refers to testicular failure associated with androgen deficiency, without considering potential deficiencies in germ and Sertoli cells. Furthermore, the classical definition does not consider the fact that low basal serum testosterone cannot be equated to hypogonadism in childhood, because Leydig cells are normally quiescent. A broader clinical definition of hypogonadism that could be applied to male patients in different periods of life requires a comprehensive consideration of the physiology of the hypothalamic- pituitary-testicular axis and its disturbances along development. Here we propose an extended classification of male hypogonadism based on the pathophysiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in different periods of life.

\n\nMethods-We compared 32 essential hypertensive Cl-amidine inhibitor patients with CSVD (white matter lesions, asymptomatic lacunar infarcts, or microbleeds

on 1.5-Tesla MRI) to 29 age-matched and sex-matched hypertensive controls. We counted angiogenic T-cells (CD3(+)/CD31(+)/CD184(+)) and putative EPC (CD31(+)/CD34(+)/CD45(-)/KDR(+)) by flow cytometry and determined EPC vitality by in vitro cluster formation.\n\nResults-Putative EPC numbers were lower in hypertensive individuals with CSVD than in those without (10 +/- 7.10(3)/mL versus 13 +/- 6.10(3)/mL [median +/- interquartile range]; P=0.011). Angiogenic T-cell numbers were also lower in hypertensive individuals with CSVD than in those without (0.56 +/- 0.25.10(9)/mL versus 0.78 +/- 0.50.10(9)/mL; P=0.008). Higher angiogenic T-cell numbers independently related to absence of CSVD (odds ratio, 0.088; 95% confidence interval, 0.012-0.627).\n\nConclusions-Our data suggest that angiogenic T-cells and putative EPC independently relate to radiological CSVD manifestations in hypertensive patients.

(Stroke. 2012;43:256-258.)”
“Aqueous CDK inhibitor drugs extract of roots of Baliospermum montanum was evaluated on preliminary basis for immunomodulatory activity by studying neutrophil phagocytic function. The different concentration of (25, 50, 100 mu g/ml) of aqueous extract of roots of Baliospermum montanum was subjected to study its effect on different in vitro methods of phagocytosis such as neutrophil locomotion, chemotaxis, immunostimulant activity of phagocytosis of killed Candida albicans and qualitative nitroblue tetrazolium test by using human neutrophils. This preliminary study revealed that Baliospermum montanum extract has stimulated chemotactic, phagocytic JNK-IN-8 in vitro and intracellular killing potency of human neutrophils at the different concentration. From the results obtained it can be observed that the aqueous extract of Baliospermum montanum stimulate cell-mediated immune system by increasing neutrophil function.”
“Objective. Many patients experience problems with sexual functioning after renal transplantation

(RTx). Research on the sexual functioning of the partners of those patients and the consequences for relationship satisfaction and quality of life is lacking. This study sought to explore changes in sexual and relationship functioning from before to after RTx in patients and their partners. Material and methods. Twenty-nine patients (mean +/- SD age 53.4 +/- 14.2 years) and 13 partners (age 57.1 +/- 11.6 years) provided data 12-15 months after RTx. They retrospectively evaluated sexual and relationship functioning as well as general life satisfaction before RTx and, in comparison, in the most recent months. Results. Among the patients, most items on sexual experience indicated deterioration in sexual functioning.

The autocalibration

method entailed the extraction of nonmovement periods in the data, for which the measured vector magnitude should ideally be the gravitational acceleration (1 g); this property was used to derive calibration correction factors using an iterative closest-point fitting process. The reduction in calibration error was evaluated in data from four cohorts: UK (n = 921), Kuwait (n = 120), Cameroon (n = 311), and Brazil (n = 200). Our method significantly reduced calibration error in all cohorts (P smaller than 0.01), ranging from 16.6 to 3.0 mg in the Kuwaiti cohort to 76.7 to 8.0 mg error in the Brazil cohort. Utilizing temperature sensor data resulted in a small nonsignificant additional improvement (P bigger than 0.05). U0126 in vitro Temperature correction coefficients were highest for the z-axis, e.g., 19.6-mg offset per 5 degrees C. Further, application of the autocalibration method had a significant impact on typical metrics used for describing human physical activity, e.g., in Brazil average wrist acceleration was 0.2 to 51% lower than uncalibrated values depending on metric selection (P smaller than 0.01). The autocalibration method as presented helps reduce the calibration error in wearable acceleration

sensor data and improves comparability SRT2104 cell line of physical PXD101 mouse activity measures across study locations. Temperature ultization seems essential when temperature deviates substantially from the average temperature in the record but not for multiday summary measures.”
“7,8-Dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) is one of the most common oxidative DNA lesions. 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylases (Oggs) detect and excise

8-oxoG through a multiple-step process. To better understand the basis for estranged base recognition, we have solved the crystal structures of MBOgg1, the 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase of Thermoanaerobacter tengcongensis, in complex with DNA containing a tetrahydrofuranyl site (THF, a stable abasic site analog) paired with an estranged cytosine (MBOgg1/DNA(THF:C)) or thymine (MBOgg1/DNA(THF:T)). Different states of THF (extrahelical or intrahelical) are observed in the two complexes of the ASU of MBOgg1/DNA(THF:C) structure. Analyses of their different interaction modes reveal that variable contacts on the 5′ region flanking the THF abasic site are correlated with the states of the THF. Comparison of MBOgg1/DNA(THF:T) with MBOgg1/DNA(THF:C) indicates that the non-preferred estranged T may affect MBOgg1′s contacts with the 5′ flank of the lesion strand. Furthermore, we identified a region in MBOgg1 that is rich in positive charges and interacts with the 5′ region flanking the lesion.

Factor VII ( FVII) and factor X (FX) were decreased in plasma, whereas fibrinogen (F) and factor VIII (FVIII) were increased. The low levels of protein C ( PC) in BAL and plasma proved damage on inhibitory activity. The infected animals showed reduced fibrinolytic activity, evidenced by an increase in plasminogen activation inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in BAL and plasma. The pathogen induced an increase of TNF-alpha, IL-1

beta and IL-6 in BAL and serum a few hours after challenge followed by a significant decrease until the end of the assayed period. IL-4 and IL-10 in BAL and serum were also augmented, especially at the end of the experiment. The animals Fer-1 molecular weight treated with L. casei showed an improvement of alveolo-capillary membrane, lower fibrin( ogen) deposits in lung and decrease in TATc. APTT test and

PT, FVII and FX activity were normalized. L. casei group showed lower F levels than control during whole experiment. In the present study no effect of L. casei on the recovery of the inhibitory activity was detected. However, L. casei was effective in reducing PAI-1 levels in BAL and in increasing anti-inflammatory ILs concentration.\n\nConclusion: L. casei proved effective to regulate coagulation activation and fibrinolysis inhibition during infection, leading to a decrease in fibrin deposits in lung. This protective effect of L. casei would be mediated by the induction of higher levels of GSK1210151A inhibitor IL-4 and IL-10 which could regulate the antiinflammatory, procoagulant and antifibrinolytic effects of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6.”
“In the management of Crohn’s disease, earlier aggressive treatment is becoming accepted as a strategy to prevent or retard progression to irreversible bowel damage. It is not yet clear, however, if this same concept should

be applied to ulcerative colitis. Hence, we review herein the long-term structural and functional consequences of this latter disease. Disease progression in ulcerative colitis takes six principal forms: proximal extension, stricturing, pseudopolyposis, dysmotility, p38 MAPK apoptosis anorectal dysfunction, and impaired permeability. The precise incidence of these complications and the ability of earlier, more aggressive treatment to prevent them have yet to be determined. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;)”
“The use of interscalene blocks (ISBs) for shoulder surgery improves postoperative pain control, reduces recovery room times, and reduces overall hospital stays. The most common and potentially disabling adverse effect associated with ISBs is phrenic nerve paresis. Fortunately, persistent phrenic nerve paresis (PPNP) is rare. There are only 4 case reports of PPNP in the English literature. At our institution, we identified 9 cases of PPNP over a 9-year period, representing an incidence of 1 (0.048%) in 2069.

These particles self-organize into hierarchically ordered supramolecular structures in the bulk For example, the Janus particle with isobutyl groups on one

POSS and carboxylic see more groups on the other self-assembles into a bilayered structure with head-to-head, tail-to-tail arrangements of each particle, which further organize into a three-dimensional orthorhombic lattice. While the ordered structure in the layers was lost upon heating via a first-order transition, the bilayered structure persisted throughout This study provides a model system of well-defined molecular Janus particles for the general understanding of their self-assembly and hierarchical structure formation in the condensed state.”
“Purpose: To develop a technique to monitor the dose rate in the urethra during permanent implant brachytherapy using a linear MOSFET array, with sufficient accuracy and without significantly extending the implantation time.\n\nMethods and Materials: Phantom measurements were performed to determine the optimal conditions for clinical measurements. In vivo

measurements were performed in 5 patients during the (125)I brachytherapy implant procedure. To evaluate if the urethra dose obtained in the operating room with the ultrasound transducer in the rectum and the patient in treatment position is a reference for the total accumulated dose; additional measurements were performed after the implantation procedure, in the recovery room.\n\nResults: Crenigacestat nmr In vivo measurements during selleck chemicals and after the implantation procedure agree very well, illustrating that the ultrasound transducer in the rectum and patient positioning do not influence the measured dose in the urethra. In vivo

dose values obtained during the implantation are therefore representative for the total accumulated dose in the urethra. In 5 patients, the dose rates during and after the implantation were below the maximum dose rate of the urethra, using the planned seed distribution.\n\nConclusion: In vivo dosimetry during the implantation, using a MOSFET array, is a feasible technique to evaluate the dose in the urethra during the implantation of (125)I seeds for prostate brachytherapy. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc.”
“Serotonergic neurons in the median raphe nucleus (MnR) are stimulated by alpha(1)-adrenergic agonists and inhibited by alpha(2) agonists. This study investigated the participation of MnR alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors in the control of anxiety-like behavior and feeding as an attempt to establish a functional association between these behaviors. The alpha(2)-adrenergic agonist clonidine (CLON) was injected into the MnR (0, 0.2, 2, 6, 20 nmol), into the pontine nucleus (Pn) or into the mesencephalic reticular formation (mRt) (0.2, 20 nmol) of free-feeding rats. The animals were exposed to the elevated plus-maze to evaluate spatial-temporal and ethological variables.