5A) and the activation of CHOP, ATF4, and sXbp1 in both WT and LGKO mice (Fig. 5B); this was comparable to the response of WT mice injected with tunicamycin for 24 hours. In response to the combined treatment, the ALT values and ER stress responses were greater in LGKO mice versus WT mice. A pretreatment with PBA partially reduced the alcohol-induced and HIV PI–induced ER stress response and decreased the elevated ALT levels by more than 50% in both WT and LGKO mice. In addition, an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins was detected in LGKO mice but not in WT mice treated with alcohol plus HIV PIs. Alcohol and HIV PIs reduced proteasome

activity by 15% in WT mice and by more than 50% in LGKO mice. The PBA treatment restored proteasome activity in both WT and LGKO mice (Fig. 5C). To determine the effects of the liver-specific AG 14699 Grp78 deletion on progressive learn more stages of liver injury, we examined fibrotic changes in LGKO and WT mice. Spontaneous mild fibrotic changes were observed in Sirius red–stained liver tissues of 2 of 10 LGKO mice, but this was not detected in WT mice (Fig. 6A and Supporting Fig. 5A). A chronic CCl4 treatment induced fibrotic changes in both WT and LGKO mice. However, the fibrosis was greater in LGKO mice versus WT mice. Quantitatively, the red-stained collagen was increased 15-fold in LGKO mice versus WT mice without CCl4 (Fig. 6A). The collagen deposition

was increased by 24-fold in WT mice and by 41-fold in LGKO mice after the chronic CCl4 treatment in comparison with WT mice without CCl4. The levels of type I collagen

mRNA in WT and LGKO mice were increased 7.7- and 12.5-fold, respectively, in response to CCl4 medchemexpress (Fig. 6B). There were apparent differences in the expression of select markers of fibrosis between WT and LGKO mice. Without CCl4, the levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) were increased 1.5- to 2.5-fold in LGKO mice versus WT mice (Fig. 6C). With CCl4, the levels of these markers were increased 2- to 3.5-fold in WT mice with enhanced GRP78 and 3- to 5-fold in LGKO mice. This indicates that the GRP78 deletion worsened CCl4-induced fibrosis. The PBA treatment reduced CCl4-induced fibrosis by more than 50% in LGKO mice, and this was accompanied by the decreased expression of type I collagen mRNA and decreased protein levels of CHOP, TGF-β, α-SMA, and MMP2 (Fig. 6). In reducing CCl4-induced fibrosis, the PBA treatment of WT mice appeared to be not as effective as it was in LGKO mice, and this was indicative of an ER stress contribution. In addition, the mRNA levels of sXbp1 (Fig. 6D and Supporting Fig. 5B), cysteine-rich with epidermal growth factor–like domains 2 (Creld2), Derl3, growth differentiation factor 15 (Gdf15), and Nupr1 were increased in WT mice treated with CCl4 and were increased more in LGKO mice treated with CCl4 (Fig. 6D).