5c). This observation indicates that even though the programmed DCs check details continue to internalize and process antigens, chemokine pre-treatment may delay

up-regulating peptide–MHC II complexes on the cell surface, thereby failing to effectively present antigens to T cells. Hence, in Part II of this study, we are quantifying the antigen presentation capacity of these programmed DCs and the subsequent T-cell response. In addition to higher levels of IL-1β and IL-10 secretions from iDCs programmed by CCL3 + 19 (7 : 3) versus untreated iDCs before subsequent LPS treatment, programmed DCs secreted IL-23, after subsequent LPS treatment, at higher levels (44%) than iDCs treated with only LPS. These differential outcomes of various cytokines secreted from DCs also suggest that chemokine programming has a multifunctional

impact on modulating the adaptive immunity by signals other than antigens or co-stimulatory molecules. For example, IL-1β and IL-23 secreted from the programmed DCs can accumulate until after subsequent TLR stimulation, and then induce Th17 polarization,[63] which plays a critical role in autoimmune diseases or anti-microbial immunity. Hence, hypothetically chemokine programming of DCs could provide immunomodulating strategies for both innate and adaptive immunity against various pathologies. As the chemokine combination of CCL3 + 19 (7 : 3) induced DC learn more endocytic capacity retained at high levels even after subsequent LPS treatment, we have examined how the chemokine receptor expressions on the DC surface are modulated upon treatment of DCs with chemokines and subsequent LPS. In this examination, DCs were pre-treated with single CCL3 (70 ng/ml), CCL19 (30 ng/ml), or their combination (7 : 3), and then chemokine receptor expressions on the DC surface were measured

using flow cytometry and fluorescently labelled antibodies against mouse CCR5 or CCR7 on Day 1 and Day 2 schedules, as shown in Fig. 1. Unexpectedly, it was not possible to observe any statistically meaningful data of CCR expressions between DC treatments. Also, CCR5 expressions on JAWSII DC line surface were at very low levels (data not shown). Possibly Thalidomide because of the DC line’s unknown immunobiological functions, which are not exactly the same as the primary DCs,[64] we could not determine how CCR5 or CCR7 expressions are modulated upon pre-treatments of this DC line with individual chemokines or their combination. However, we found that CCR5 expressions on untreated iDCs decreased or CCR7 expressions on untreated iDCs increased upon DC maturation (data not shown). Therefore, we can conclude, at least, that even though this JAWSII DC line up-regulates CCR5 or CCR7 at low levels, this cell line still expresses these two chemokine receptors that respond to DC maturation in the same way as other DCs in the literature. Further study using other measurements (e.g.