7 0.2–2.9 2.7 1.0–7.9 3.0 1.5–6.3   2+ – – 15.9 1.5–162.7 3.2 1.0–10.6 Osteoarthritis With 1.4 0.9–2.2 1.4 0.8–2.2 1.8 1.1–2.9 Model 2               Endplate 1 2.7 0.6–12.1 1.5 0.4–5.8 1.0 0.3–2.7   2+ – – 16.7 1.8–154.0 3.0 0.9–10.1 Osteoarthritis With 1.4 0.9–2.2 1.4 0.8–2.2 1.8 1.1–2.9 Model 3               Crush 1 – – 1.1 0.2–7.4 buy Staurosporine 0.7 0.2–2.6   2+ 3.9 0.6–25.5

3.9 0.3–47.4 0.9 0.2–4.3 Osteoarthritis With 1.4 0.9–2.2 1.4 0.8–2.2 1.8 1.1–2.8 Model 4               Any 1 1.0 0.3–3.0 1.9 0.8–4.6 2.3 1.2–4.5   2+ 1.3 0.3–6.6 11.1 3.5–35.0 2.8 1.4–5.8 Osteoarthritis With 1.4 0.9–2.2 1.4 0.8–2.2 1.8 1.1–2.9 Each model was run three separate times (once each for upper, lower, and any (upper or lower) back pain) for a total of 15 separate analyses, each with covariates for age (continuous), body mass index (continuous), and AZD1152 datasheet number of painful nonspine joints (ordinal). There were four regression models; the model for Wedge deformity and osteoarthritis (Model 1) included ordinal variables for number of endplate and number of crush deformities; the model for Endplate deformity and osteoarthritis (Model 2) included ordinal variables for number of wedge and number of crush deformities; and the model for Crush deformity and osteoarthritis (Model 3) included ordinal variables for number of wedge and number of endplate

deformities. The model for Any deformity and osteoarthritis (Model 4) did not include ordinal variables enough for numbers Trichostatin A mw of other vertebral deformity types Discussion We examined the prevalence of the three types of vertebral deformity by anatomic location and the associations of number and type of vertebral deformity or osteoarthritis with back pain among women in Japan. The prevalence of vertebral deformity was higher in the midthoracic and upper lumbar spine. Wedge deformity was the most frequent

deformity type, with a predilection for the thoraco-lumbar region (T12–L3). Crush deformity was less frequent and showed no predilection for anatomical location. Significant associations with back pain were observed for wedge deformities, for vertebral deformities in general (in models that included all types) and for vertebral osteoarthritis. Our results confirm findings from other population-based studies in women that wedge was the most frequent type of deformity [6, 13], and that the prevalence of deformity was higher in midthoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae [13, 15]. This distribution is believed to be related to biomechanical factors [29, 30]. Movements such as stooping or lifting greatly increase loading on the spine, especially the midthoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae where the spine curves.