Apart from recognition

of triphosphate group of ATP, arginine fingers may be responsible for displacement of water out from the binding site. Such a role of arginine fingers was recently demonstrated for the Ras–RasGAP complex in the QM/MM calculations (Heesen et al., 2007). A more detailed analysis of JEV NS3 helicase/NTPase structure may lead to the conclusion that to function as a catalytic base, the pKa of Glu286 would need to be much higher than that of a typical glutamic acid residue in a protein, as Selleck Cobimetinib suggested for HCV helicase (Frick, 2007). It was thus proposed that the neighboring aspartic acid residue (Asp285 in JEV NS3 helicase/NTPase) may serve as a catalytic base instead. Docking of known JEV NS3 helicase/NTPase inhibitors 1–2 revealed engagement of crucial binding pocket residues in the interactions

with ligands. In particular, the role of Glu286 and Arg464 was clearly depicted. Moreover, docking of 1–2 allowed the identification of Arg202 as an additional important residue of the binding pocket, making this arginine a straightforward candidate for mutational studies. The analysis of ATP–enzyme complex allowed speculation about the role of conserved threonine Thr201. Most probably, it directs the ligand properly toward interactions with Lys200 and the conserved arginine residues. A similar role may be assigned to the branched side chains of apolar amino acids (especially Val227 and Ile411), which was demonstrated in the case of 2 and was suggested BGB324 clinical trial earlier for ionotropic glutamate receptors (Kaczor et al., 2008). Docking of 1–2 indicated Asn417 as an additional

anchoring point, whereas docking of identified hits 8–22 also indicated Glu231 as a potentially important residue for interactions with inhibitors. Virtual screening procedure made it possible to identify 15 potential inhibitors of JEV NS3 helicase/NTPase. Only one of them, namely the one containing pentose moiety 14, may be treated as a far analog of nucleosides. This structural diversity may prove beneficial because it increases the likelihood that the new inhibitors will be selective toward human ATPases. This is a significant problem: Cell press it is worth emphasizing that ring-expanded nucleosides 1 and 2 also have high affinity to human Suv3 mitochondrial helicase (routinely used to test the selectivity of novel inhibitors of viral helicase/NTPase), which excludes them as drug candidates (Zhang et al., 2003). On the other hand, compounds 1 and 2 were also active toward all the tested viral helicase/NTPases: WNV and HCV. This seems promising, as the research on specific anti-JEV compounds may lead to the development of a drug with broad antiviral spectrum of activity.