BIn Solheim et al. 2009. CIn Vebø et al. 2010. DMS, unpublished work. Figure 1 Genome-atlas presentation of CGH data compared to the V583 genome and arranged by clonal relationship according to MLST. From inner to outer lanes: 1) percent AT, 2) GC skew,

3) global inverted repeats, 4) global direct repeats, 5) position preference, 6) stacking energy, 7) intrinsic curvature, 8) 189, 9) LMGT3208, 10) LMGT3407, 11) 92A, 12) 29C, 13) E1960, 14) 111A, 15) 105, 16) E2370, 17) 84, 18) 383/04, 19) E1188, 20) Vet179, 21) EF1841, 22) E1807, 23) LMGT3143, 24) LMGT3405, 25) OG1RF, 26) 2426/03, 27) LMGT3406, 28) 85, 29) E1052, 30) 1645, 31) LMGT3209, 32) LMGT2333, 33) 597/96, 34) 62, 35) Vet138, 36) 266, 37) UC11/96, 38) Symbioflor 1, 39)

3339/04, 40) 82, 41) E1834, 42) Raf inhibitor E4250, 43) LMGT3303, 44) 158B, 45) MMH594, 46) 372-56, 47) 609/96 and 48) annotations in V583. Elements enriched in CC2-strains are indicated with an asterisk. By Fisher’s exact testing (q < 0.01), 252 genes were found to be more prevalent among CC2-strains than in non-CC2-strains (Additional file 2). The CC2-enriched genes included large parts of phage03 (p03; n = 51), efaB5 (n = 34) and a phage-related Selleck ACP-196 region identified by McBride et al. [31](EF2240-82/EF2335-51; n = 55), supporting the notion that the p03 genetic element may confer increased fitness in the hospital environment [27]. Indeed, prophage-related genes constituted a predominant proportion of the CC2-enriched genes (55.5%; p < 2.2e-16, Fisher's

exact test). Interestingly, the Tn 916 -like efaB5 element has previously also been suggested to play a role in niche adaptation (Leavis, Willems et al. unpublished data): CGH analysis identified an efaB5 -orthologous element in E. faecium that appeared to be common for HiRECC E. faecalis and CC17 E. faecium, a hospital-adapted subpopulation identified by MLST. To further confirm the presence of the relevant MGEs in E. faecalis, we used Decitabine cell line PCR combining internal primers with primers targeting the genes flanking p03, efaB5 and the vanB -associated phage-related element in V583, to monitor conserved V583 junctions on either side of the elements in 44 strains (Table 1). Seven strains contained the junctions on both sides of p03, of which six strains were CC2-strains. Eleven strains were positive for the junctions on both sides of efaB5, including nine CC2-strains, while thirteen strains gave positive PCR for both junctions of the phage-related element surrounding vanB, of which eleven strains belonged to CC2 (Additional file 3). These results substantiate the theory of p03, efaB5 and the vanB -associated phage as CC2-enriched elements.