Finally we observed increase of CD69 gene expression. This molecule is expressed by various cells of hematopoietic lineage, being related to activation and proliferation of these cells. selleck monoclonal antibody Some studies have shown the expression of CD69 in HUVECs after inflammatory stimuli, as action of thrombin (Okada et al., 2006) and TNF-α (Viemann et al., 2006). However, future studies should be performed to better characterize the expression and function of this marker in endothelial cells after

stimulation with jararhagin. Considering the inflammation as a multifactorial, multicellular and complex event as it is (Petri et al., 2008) and some considerations pointed here, it is important to note that endothelial cells when removed from its natural environment, are not influenced by other components present in the vascular milieu (i.e. basement membrane, extracellular matrix, fibroblasts, myoblasts and leukocytes). So the isolated endothelial cells, represented here by HUVECs, seems to have little participation in the effective click here release of cytokines, adhesion molecules and other pro-inflammatory mediators induced directly by jararhagin, although these cells present a complete gene transcription system activated by this SVMP. On the other hand, it is well known that the endothelial cells are of fundamental

importance for the inflammatory response induced any agent. In particular by SVMPs, these toxins directly activate (considering in vivo studies) the interaction Ixazomib manufacturer between leukocyte and endothelium and, thus, results in the local inflammation observed during envenoming ( Clissa et al., 2006; Menezes et al., 2008). It is important to cite also another fundamental role of endothelial cells for a different event of local bothropic envenoming,

the hemorrhage. This occurs very rapidly after venom injection, and nowadays this effect has been mainly attributed to the indirect consequence of the SVMPs action on their primary target, i.e. the basement membrane (BM) of capillary vessels and related extracellular matrix components that provide stability to micro vessel structure (Baldo et al., 2010; Escalante et al., 2011; Serrano et al., 2007). Also, it has been proposed that the rapid in vivo damage of endothelial cells is the result of mechanical hemodynamic forces operating in the microvasculature which distend and disrupt the integrity of these cells after an initial weakening of the stability of the BM occurring as a consequence of proteolytic cleavage of BM components ( Gutiérrez et al., 2005, 2006). In summary, our data indicated that most of the genes up-regulated by treatment of HUVECs with jararhagin are related to the inflammatory response.