For example, Au2+ [18], Ce3+ [19], Eu3+ [20], In3+ [21], and Mg2+ [22, 23] have been used in order to control the optical properties; Mn2+ [24], Cr2+ [25], Co2+, Ni2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, and V5+ [26] have been used to enhance the magnetic properties; and Li1+ and Na1+ [27] have been used to obtain a p-type form of ZnO. In the present research, a modified sol–gel route was used to prepare ZnO/BaCO3 nanoparticles (x = 0, ZnO-NPs; x = 0.1, ZB10-NPs; x = 0.2, ZB20-NPs) using gelatin as a polymerization

agent. The gelatin was used as a terminator for growing the ZnO/BaCO3-NPs because it expands during the calcination process and the particles cannot come together easily. The selleck inhibitor crystallite size and crystallinity of the resulting ZnO/BaCO3-NPs were investigated. Methods In order to synthesize zinc oxide/barium carbonate nanoparticles (ZB-NPs), analytical-grade zinc nitrate hexahydrate

(Zn(NO3)2 · 6H2O, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, Tozasertib molecular weight USA), barium nitrate (Ba(NO3)2, Sigma-Aldrich), and gelatin [(NHCOCH-R1) n , R1 = amino acid, type b, Sigma-Aldrich] were used as starting materials and distilled water as solvent. To prepare 10 g of the final product (ZB-NPs), the appropriate amounts of zinc and barium nitrate were dissolved in 50 ml of distilled water. The amounts of the precursor materials were calculated according to the (1 - x)ZnO/(x)BaCO3 formula, where x = 0, 0.1, and 0.2. On the Birinapant mw other hand, 8 g of gelatin was dissolved in 300 ml of distilled water, and the solution was stirred at 60°C to obtain a clear gelatin solution. ADP ribosylation factor Finally, the Zn2+/Ba2+ solution was added to the gelatin solution. The container was then moved into an oilbath; meanwhile, the temperature of the oilbath was kept at 80°C while being continuously stirred to achieve a viscose, clear, and honey-like gel. For the calcination process,

the gel was slightly rubbed on the inner walls of a crucible and then placed into the furnace. The temperature of the furnace was fixed at 650°C for 2 h, with a heating rate of 2°C/min. The phase evolutions and structure of the prepared pure zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and ZB-NPs were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD; Philips X’pert, Cu Kα, Philips, Amsterdam, the Netherlands). The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations were carried out on a Hitachi H-7100 electron microscope (Hitachi Ltd., Chiyoda-ku, Japan) to examine the shape and particle size of the nanoparticles and field emission Auger electron spectroscopy (AES; JAMP-9500 F, JEOL Ltd., Akishima-shi, Japan) for elemental analysis. The ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectra were recorded by a PerkinElmer Lambda 25 UV–Vis spectrophotometer (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA, USA). Results and discussion XRD analysis XRD patterns of the synthesized pure ZnO-NPs and ZB-NPs are shown in Figure  1. It is observed that the orthorhombic BaCO3 nanostructures (PDF card no: 00-041-0373) have been grown besides the hexagonal ZnO nanocrystals (ref.