Furthermore, transcriptome and histological analyses of liver biopsies demonstrated derepression of target mRNAs with miR-122 seed

sites, down-regulation of interferon-regulated genes, and improvement of HCV-induced liver pathology. The prolonged virological response to SPC3649 treatment without HCV rebound holds promise of a new antiviral therapy with a high barrier to resistance. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Current antiviral treatment consisting of pegylated interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and ribavirin is limited by resistance, adverse effects, and high costs.1 Although the clinical development of novel antiviral compounds that target HCV protein processing KPT-330 price has been shown to markedly improve sustained virological response, toxicity of the individual compounds and development of viral resistance remain major challenges.2 Thus, novel antiviral strategies are urgently needed. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression at a posttranscriptional level.3

Their biogenesis is now well characterized and involves the processing of a large primary transcript into a stem-loop pre-miRNA, ultimately leading to the mature single-stranded ∼22-nucleotide miRNA. This functional miRNA is assembled into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that invariably contains a member of the Argonaute protein family (Fig. 1). Once loaded, the active RISC can be directed toward its messenger RNA target to regulate, predominantly in a negative manner, its translation.4 Besides targeting cellular messenger RNAs, miRNAs R428 were recently shown to interact with transcripts of viral origin.5 The first description of such interactions revealed that miRNAs of cellular origin could negatively regulate viral messenger RNAs. Furthermore, mammalian viruses have been shown to usurp the cellular miRNA repertoire. One remarkable example of such usurpation is provided by HCV, which recruits the liver-specific

miR-122 to enhance its replication.6In vivo, the impact of miRNA for pathogenesis of HCV infection Selleckchem Erastin is more complex: analyzing liver biopsies from subjects with chronic hepatitis C who are undergoing IFN therapy, Sarasin-Filipowicz et al. showed no correlation of miR-122 expression with viral load but markedly decreased pretreatment miR-122 levels in subjects who had no virological response during later IFN therapy.7 To truly assess the importance of miRNAs as a therapeutic target requires the use of chemically modified antisense oligonucleotides complementary to the miRNA to prevent its interaction with the target RNA. This approach was first established in vitro,8 before it was shown that it was also very effective in preventing miRNA action in mouse models.9 The later study was carried out using miR-122 as a model, and it enabled the identification of several cellular targets, most of which are involved in the cholesterol biogenesis pathway, e.g.