Given that the

usual incubation period of pandemic H1N1 influenza is 2–4 days and because all the cases appeared in a short time period, it was not possible to identify the index case. The close contact between students, with many group activities, may have facilitated viral transmission between students once it was encountered.15,16 Transmission was probably more intense just before the return trip, when the group spent even more time in close contact (a 4-h coach trip to the airport, waiting in the airport, Palbociclib ic50 boarding).17,18 We considered the possibility that transmission had predominantly occurred during the return flight. Reports show that transmission of an infectious agent in the interior of an aircraft may be influenced by the length of the flight, the stage of the disease, the ventilation system and size of the airplane, and the number of persons onboard.19 It has been reported that the design or malfunction of aircraft ventilation systems could influence viral transmission. In an outbreak of influenza reported in 1979, which also described a high attack rate, a technical failure in the aircraft ventilation system

selleck was demonstrated.20 Previous studies have suggested that proximity to the index case (sitting in the same row or in the three anterior rows) increases the probability of infection.15,21,22 We were unable to verify this relationship in the current outbreak. One of the limitations of our study is that we only had information on the group of students and thus do not know whether other passengers were infected. In our study, the probability of laboratory confirmation of A(H1N1) infection by PCR of nasal aspirates diminished with increasing time from onset of

symptoms to testing. This seems consistent with an expected decrease in viral abundance in nasal secretions as the illness resolves. The longer sampling times for some students could result in underestimation of the primary attack rate of confirmed A(H1N1) influenza in this group. Once the outbreak C-X-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CXCR-7) was recognized, vigorous control and prevention measures were recommended to prevent the spread of the virus. Home isolation, the use of a separate bathroom, the use of surgical masks when in contact with cohabitants, and hand washing precautions were recommended to all cases. These medical students were probably highly motivated to practice preventive measures, and this could have limited secondary transmission to their close contacts. In addition, the majority of household contacts were adults and the infective load of many of the students may have been low once they arrived home. Low rates of secondary transmission, although higher than those in our study, and data showing easier transmission among young children than among adults have been reported in seasonal influenza outbreaks23 and for pandemic influenza in different settings, including on an airline flight.