Identification of C4 photosynthesis metabolism and regulatory associated genes in Eleocharis vivipara by SSH. Photosynth Res, 2011, 108: 157–170) should in fact be Eleocharis baldwinii and not, as originally indicated, Eleocharis vivipara. There are few differences between Eleocharis baldwinii and Eleocharis vivipara, in so far as their photosynthetic properties are concerned, and thus all the results and conclusions presented in this article remain unchanged.”
“Introduction Light in natural environments is highly variable in both intensity and spectral composition. Pronounced temporal fluctuations

and spatial heterogeneity also characterize the dynamic nature of light environment. For many plants, to rely on this energy source for life means to deal with its regular and irregular changes. Irregular Regorafenib mouse changes in light www.selleckchem.com/products/nec-1s-7-cl-o-nec1.html environment occur in various ways, but the most common causes include variation in weather and cloud movement, development and destruction of leaves, branches, or canopy, and fluttering of leaves by wind. Some changes are long-lasting, such as gap formation in forest canopies which allows more sunlight to reach the forest floor. Short-term fluctuation of light occurs in forest understorey or inside dense crop canopies.

In both cases, rays of sunlight penetrate the canopy in the form of “sunflecks” to expose shade-grown leaves and plants to bursts of high light (HL). On clear days, sunflecks account for 20~80 % of photosynthetically SU5402 clinical trial active radiation (PAR) available for understorey plants growing in different types of forests, or 40~90 % within soybean canopies (Pearcy 1990 and references therein). Hence, sunfleck utilization efficiency, e.g., due to photosynthetic induction and induction loss (Chazdon and Pearcy 1986a; Pons et al. 1992), has been of ecological and agricultural interest. Responses to sunflecks vary among species or even within a species depending on the duration, frequency, and intensity of sunflecks

(Chazdon and Pearcy 1986b; Sims and Pearcy 1993; Watling et al. 1997a; Yin and Johnson 2000; Leakey et al. 2004). When the sunfleck intensity is higher than what can be utilized in a given photosynthetic induction state, excessive light energy can lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and photo-oxidative stress, and hence can trigger photoprotective reactions Astemizole in plants, such as thermal energy dissipation commonly measured as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) of chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence. Sunflecks can thus become a source of energy and carbon gain (i.e., photosynthesis and growth), as well as photodamage for leaves and plants growing in low light (LL). However, most of the previous studies were conducted by focusing on either photosynthetic or photoprotective responses to sunflecks (e.g. Pearcy and Calkin 1983; Chazdon and Pearcy 1986a,b; Pons et al. 1992; Sims and Pearcy 1993; Ögren and Sundin 1996; Watling et al.