In fact, we estimate that fewer than 15% of such high-risk families with two children, at least one with autism, would be excluded by the study design, and fewer than 30% of those with three children. Accordingly, we studied the SSC families for 3-Methyladenine concentration evidence

of transmitted risk factors. We saw no statistically significant difference between probands and sibs when we looked at total numbers of transmitted copy-number events or the numbers of genes hit by transmission (Table S7). We explored evidence for transmission distortion of many individual common copy-number polymorphisms, but found no statistically significant signal when adjusted for multiple hypotheses (data not shown). However, a role for transmission can be seen if carefully restricted to extremely rare events Ibrutinib price (Xu et al., 2008). We limited ourselves to the 510 HQ quads: families with high-quality data and exactly one

affected and one unaffected child. To minimize false signal, we considered only events of at least 20 probes. Operationally, we define the “family hit count” for each RefSeq gene as the number of families in which we observe a transmitted event that overlaps an exon of that gene. In Table S8 we list all genes with a positive family hit count and provide counts for each time a given gene had an exon within an event transmitted to a sib or a proband. We define an “ultrarare gene” as a gene with a family hit count of one and then define an ultrarare event as an event that overlaps at least one exon of an ultrarare gene. In other words, an ultrarare event is one that hits at least one gene that is not hit by any other transmitted event over the population of HQ quads. The 458 ultrarare events are summarized in Table S9. These events are further characterized by the gender of the recipient children, their affected status, and by the pattern of transmission (“singly” transmitted, either to a proband or a sib, or

“doubly” transmitted, to both). Additional features are listed, such as parent of origin, the ultrarare genes overlapping the event, and whether the event is a duplication or deletion. One strong asymmetry is between the counts Ribonucleotide reductase of ultrarare deletions (178) and duplications (432), in excess of the overall bias in all transmitted events (3119 deletions versus 3875 duplications, p value = 3 × 10−15). Note that this bias for duplications is the opposite bias seen for de novo events in male probands, for which deletions exceed duplications. For singly transmitted ultrarare events, we find a slight excess of events going to the proband rather than the sib (Table 4). The signal is even stronger when we consider the number of ultrarare gene hits (p value = 0.23 for events, p value = 0.13 for genes). We see no bias in families with female siblings, in keeping with the hypothesis that females are less likely to display the symptoms of ASDs.