Mizoribine (MZR) is a selective inhibitor of the inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase – a key enzyme in the de novo pathway of guanine nucleotides – that was developed in Japan.[1] Clinically, MZR has been successfully used without any serious adverse effects

for the long-term treatment of young patients with lupus nephritis.[1-3] Besides its immunosuppressive effects, MZR has recently been reported to suppress the progression of histologic chronicity in selected patients with lupus nephritis and immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy.[1-4] Moreover, some experimental reports described that MZR attenuates tubulointerstitial fibrosis in Z-VAD-FMK rat models of unilateral ureteral obstruction, non-insulin-dependent diabetes and peritoneal fibrosis via suppression of macrophage infiltration of the interstitium.[5-7] Also, we recently confirmed a significant suppression of intraglomerular macrophage infiltration accompanied with significant suppression of the chronicity indices following MZR treatment in a patient with proliferative lupus nephritis.[8] These laboratory

and clinical observations suggest another beneficial mechanism of action of MZR from the histologic standpoint in the treatment of lupus nephritis. Since most of the oral dose of MZR is excreted unchanged in urine,[9] the Ixazomib drug is thought to expose directly to residual renal cells. Thus, it is important to examine the direct effects of MZR against inflamed residual renal cells.[10] Glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) have been reported to produce a wide variety of proinflammatory molecules that play an important role in immune and inflammatory reactions in the kidney, and MCs itself are thought to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of renal diseases.[11]

Interestingly, it has been reported that the implication of ‘psuedoviral’ immunity as a novel disease concept of lupus PLEK2 nephritis, that is, the detection of self-nucleic acid particles resembling viral particles by toll-like receptors (TLRs) results in the activations of the downstream signalling cascades and subsequent type I interferons (IFNs) production.[12] In this context, we have examined the TLR3 signalling cascades treated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC), a synthetic analogue of viral dsRNA, that makes ‘pseudoviral’ infection in cultured human MCs, and found that the activation of mesangial TLR3 upregulated the expression of functional molecules including monocyte/macrophage chemoattractants: CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 2 (or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1]), CCL5 (or regulated on activation, normal T-cell expression and secretion [RANTES]), CXC ligand 10 (CXCL10) (or IFN-γ-induced protein 10 [IP-10]), fractalkine (or CX3CL1), and neutrophil chemoattractant: interleukin (IL)-8 (or CXCL8), in cultured human MCs.