nov. Comments Lichenomphalia species

are primarily found in arctic-alpine zones, though L. umbellifera extends into the OICR-9429 manufacturer boreal zone (Lutzoni 1997). Lutzoni (1997) found that click here L. umbellifera (as L. ericetorum) had the slowest molecular substitution rate within the lichenized omphalinoid group, and is likely an extant species that most closely resembles the ancestral species that gave rise to this lichenized lineage. As noted above under phylogenetic support for Tribe Lichenomphalieae, L. umbellifera is also the most divergent species. We therefore recognize L. umbellifera as the type of a new subgenus, Protolichenomphalia. The history of nomenclature in this group is complex, and as it was reviewed thoroughly in Redhead et al. (2002), only a short synopsis is presented here. Some of the names applied to this group were based on oldest named anamorphic, lichenized states, namely Phytoconis Bory (1797), Botrydina Bréb. (1839), and Coriscium Vain. (1890). Although the sexual states of ascolichens have long been named from types representing LY2603618 their lichenized state, an attempt to apply asexual names to the sexual state of basidiolichens (Clémençon 1997; Redhead and Kuyper 1988;

Norvell et al. 1994 and many others listed in Redhead et al. 2002 and Gams 1995) was rejected and the asexual basidiolichen names were placed on a list of rejected names (Gams 1995; Greuter et al. 2000). Lichenomphalia was proposed by Redhead et al. (2002) to replace the rejected names. Although anamorph names were placed on equal footing with teleomorph names with regards to priority when the nomenclatural code was changed to eliminate dual nomenclature in January of 2013, a previously rejected name cannot be resurrected, leaving Lichenomphalia as the only available name for this genus. Lichenomphalia subgen. Lichenomphalia [autonym], subg. nov. Type species Lichenomphalia hudsoniana (H.S. Jenn.) Redhead et al., Mycotaxon 83: 38 (2002) ≡ Hygrophorus hudsonianus H.S. Thiamet G Jenn., Mem. Carn. Mus., III 12: 2 (1936). Characters as in Lichenomphalia, basidiomes highly pigmented; lichenized with

Coccomyxa algae; thallus usually squamulose, rarely foliose or undifferentiated, hyphal walls thickened; growing in xeric arctic-alpine habitats. Phylogenetic support Subg. Lichenomphalia has strong support in our 4-gene backbone (99 % MLBS; 1.0 B.P. and Supermatrix (95 % MLBS) analyses, and moderate support in our LSU analyses (63 % MLBS). Analyses by Lutzoni (1997) also show strong support using LSU (95 % MPBS) combined ITS-LSU (92 %–93 % MPBS), and ITS1 and ITS2 (86 % and 82 % MPBS, respectively). ITS-LSU analyses by Redhead et al. (2002) and Lawrey et al. (2009) also show high support (83 %–98 % MPBS and 100 % ML BS) for a monophyletic subg. Lichenomphalia. Species included Type Lichenomphalia hudsoniana. Additional species included based on phylogenies and morphology are L. alpina (Britzelm.) Redhead et al., L. grisella (P.