Participants were instructed to maintain their habitual dietary and fluid intake prior to both the familiarisation and experimental trials. All participants were provided with a food diary to record food and fluids consumed 24 hours prior to entering the laboratory, and in order to replicate dietary

intake for subsequent trials. Participants were also instructed to abstain from alcohol and caffeine for 24 hours prior to all visits and none were known to be consuming any prescription medications, or other ergogenic substances that may have affected energy transfer [22]. Participants EPZ004777 supplier were instructed to maintain the same training frequency, volume and intensity at the initiation of the study for the duration of the investigation, but to refrain from exercise during the 24 hours prior to entering the laboratory. Experimental protocol The study followed a randomised, double blind crossover design. Initial testing consisted of an assessment of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and maximal power output (Wmax) utilizing an incremental cycle GSK1838705A mw test to exhaustion.

Participants then returned to the laboratory on a further four occasions (7–10 days apart) to complete firstly a familiarisation and subsequently the experimental trials. All trials consisted of a 90 https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mi-503.html minute (min) cycle task at 50% Wmax followed by a 5 km time trial. Participants arrived at the laboratory approximately 12 hours post prandial and all testing was initiated at 0900 to minimize any influence of circadian variation. All procedures were conducted at sea level in a thermo-neutral laboratory environment (temperature:

21.0 ± 1.2°C; humidity: 40 ± 6 %; barometric pressure: 761 ± 8 mmHg). Maximal oxygen consumption & maximal power output assessment During their initial visit to the laboratory, body mass (SECA digital weighing scales, SECA, Birmingham, UK) and height (Holtain stadiometer, Holtain, Crymych, Dyfed) were recorded prior to testing along with each participant’s desired ergometer orientation, which was replicated during subsequent visits. VO2max and Wmax were determined utilizing a step-incremented protocol to exhaustion on G protein-coupled receptor kinase an electromagnetically braked cycle ergometer (Lode Sport Excalibur, Lode B.V. Medical Technology, Groningen, Netherlands) and following the methods of Currell and Jeukendrup [23]. Briefly, the protocol consisted of a three minute warm-up at 95 W proceeded by an increase of 35 W every three minutes until fatigue with the ergometer set in cadence independent (hyperbolic) mode [23]. Pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were determined continuously during exercise via an automated metabolic gas analyzer (Cortex Metalyzer 3B-R2, Cortex Biophysic, Leipzig, Germany). The modular gas analyzers were calibrated with gases of known concentrations (17.05% O2, 4.98% CO2, Cranlea, Birmingham, UK) and ambient air.