Plasma was then stored at -70°C until analyzed for nitrate/nitrite using a commercially available colorimetric assay kit (Catalog#: 780001; Caymen Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI), according to the procedures provided

by the manufacturer. After being thawed, plasma samples were centrifuged at 10,000 g for 5 minutes in a refrigerated centrifuge (4°C). Following the addition of a nitrate reductase co-factor to each diluted sample, nitrate reductase was added and the mixture was incubated for three hours to allow for the full conversion of nitrate to nitrite. Greiss reagent was then added, which converts nitrite into a deep purple azo compound. The absorbance was then detected at 540 nm using a PowerWave microplate GSK2126458 cell line spectrophotometer (BioTek Instruments, Winooski, VT). Quantification was performed with a calibration curve. The coefficient of variation for this assay in our laboratory is <8%. The detection limit, as per the manufacturer,

is ≥2.5 μM. It should be noted that the products of nitric oxide metabolism, nitrate (NO3 -) and nitrite (NO2 -), are typically measured in blood samples due to the short half life of nitric oxide (i.e., equal to only 3-4 seconds). For Study 3, in addition to total nitrate/nitrite, nitrite only was measured using the same procedures outlined above, with the exclusion of nitrate https://www.selleckchem.com/products/idasanutlin-rg-7388.html reductase co-factor and nitrate reductase. The measurement of nitrite was done as an afterthought following the analysis of nitrate/nitrite. Our rationale for including the sole measure of nitrite in Study 3 was based on recent findings for beetroot juice and nitrite elevation [7–9]. We believed that of all three studies presented within, the dosage and duration of treatment Dynein of betaine used in Study 3 would yield the best possibility for an increase in nitrite to be noted. If significantly elevated, we may have then had rationale to measure nitrite in samples obtained in Studies 1 and 2. However, this was not the case. Physical Activity and Dietary Intake Subjects were asked to refrain from strenuous physical activity during the 24 hours before test days. Subjects were asked to record all

food and drink consumed during the day prior to each test day. Upon receipt of the first diet record, subjects received a copy and were asked to duplicate this intake during the day immediately prior to the subsequent test day. All records were analyzed for total kilocalories, protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamin C, and vitamin E (Food Processor SQL, version 9.9, ESHA Research, Salem, OR). Statistical Analysis For Study 1, data were analyzed using a 2 (dosage) × 5 (time) analysis of variance (ANOVA). For Study 2, data were analyzed using a 2 (condition) × 2 (pre/post intervention) ANOVA. For Study 3, data were analyzed using one way ANOVA with time as the factor of interest. Data for all studies are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean.