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for the content and writing of the paper. Authors’ contributions GM-F and ZY-Q carried out the in vivo and in vitro studies, participated pheromone in drafting the manuscript. RT and LL participated in the In vivo imaging. GL-M carried out the establishment of tumor model. XF participated in designing and the execution of the experiment. YB-H and SB provided irradiation. WJ conceived and designed the study, helped analysing data and drafting the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Introduction Prostate cancer (Pca) is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death among men in Western countries [1]. Notwithstanding the importance of this tumor, its causes remain largely unknown. Age, family history, race and country of residence are the only established risk factors, but they explain only a small proportion of Pca incidence [2]. A considerable number of CB-839 in vivo studies have addressed prostate sensitivity to androgens in relation to outcomes varying from normal prostate growth to benign and malignant diseases [3–5]. However, the role played by estrogens in the pathogenesis of a wide spectrum of prostate physiologic and pathologic conditions is drawing increasing attention [6]. In regards to Pca, experimental data from studies conducted in Noble (NBL) rats strongly suggest a critical role for estrogens in prostate carcinogenesis.