PubMedCrossRef 41. Han TH, Lee JH, Cho MH, Wood TK, Lee J: Environmental factors affecting indole production in Escherichia coli . Res Microbiol 2010, in press. 42. Lee JH, Cho MH, Lee J: 3-Indolylacetonitrile decreases Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilm formation and Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence. Environ Microbiol 2010, in press. 43. Cheshire FR, Cheyne WW: The pathogenic history and the history under cultivation of a new bacillus ( B Alvei ), the cause of a disease of the hive bee hitherto known as foul brood. J Roy Microsc

Soc 1885, 5:581–601. 44. Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T: Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. 2nd edition. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Selleck Sotrastaurin 1989. 45. Nicholson W, Setlow P, (eds): Sporulation, germination and outgrowth. Chichester, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd; 1990. 46. Waites

WM, Kay D, Dawes IW, Wood DA, Warren SC, Mandelstam J: Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis Napabucasin . Correlation of biochemical events with morphological changes in asporogenous mutants. Biochem J 1970,118(4):667–676.PubMed 47. Tabit FT, Buys E: The effects of wet heat treatment on the structural and chemical components of Bacillus sporothermodurans spores. Int J Food Microbiol 2010,140(2–3):207–213.PubMedCrossRef 48. Pratt LA, Kolter R: Genetic analysis of Escherichia coli biofilm formation: roles of flagella, motility, chemotaxis and type I pili. Mol Microbiol 1998,30(2):285–293.PubMedCrossRef 49. Reynolds ES: The use of lead selleck chemical citrate at high pH as an electron-opaque stain in electron microscopy. J Cell Biol 1963, 17:208–212.PubMedCrossRef Authors’ contributions YK carried out most

of the experiments and helped to draft the manuscript. J-HL participated in the design of study and interpretation of the data. MHC participated in discussion of the study. JL conceived of the study, participated in its design and coordination, SPTLC1 and wrote much of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Group A Streptococcus (GAS, S. pyogenes) is a human-specific pathogen producing diseases ranging from pharyngitis and impetigo to severe, invasive conditions such as necrotizing fasciitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome [1]. Causing an estimated 500,000 deaths annually [2], GAS is one of the world’s most important pathogens, reflecting its wide repertoire of virulence factors that interfere with host immune clearance mechanisms [3]. A hypothesized GAS immune evasion factor is the secreted enzyme EndoS, an endoglycosidase possessing a highly specific hydrolyzing activity toward the N-linked glycan of immunoglobulin G (IgG) [4]. The IgG heavy chain is N-glycosylated at asparagine 297 with a complex biantennary oligosaccharide that is crucial for the interaction with Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) on phagocytic cells [5–7].