The aapk1 deletion mutants were identified

from hygromycin-resistant transformants by PCR strategy and confirmed by Southern blot analysis and RT-PCR. The aapk1 deletion mutant exhibited reduced vegetative growth and was less toxic than the wild-type strain sd1. Deletion of aapk1 also delayed disease development on detached tobacco leaves. Thus, we propose that the cAMP signalling pathway is involved in mycelia growth and pathogenic phenotype of Alternaria alternata. “
“In vitro evaluation was carried out on seed selleck kinase inhibitor samples of wild and cultivated rocket cultivars, most frequently grown in Italy, and obtained from farms affected by the leaf spot caused by Alternaria japonica in Piedmont and Lombardy during the fall of 2010. Twelve seed samples were collected and assayed for the presence of A. japonica. The pathogen was isolated only from not disinfected seeds. Among the two seed samples of cultivated rocket (Eruca vesicaria), only one was infected by A. japonica at a level of one infected seed out of 800. Four out of ten samples of wild (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) rocket seeds were contaminated by A. japonica with the highest level of infection detected in a single sample of 3 out of 800. All tested isolates of A. japonica obtained from seeds were pathogenic on both wild and cultivated rocket. “
“Between 2002 and the end of 2009, more

than 4000 samples from hardy ornamental plants, collected in surveys for Phytophthora ramorum, were examined to establish the occurrence and MK-1775 in vivo diversity of Phytophthora species in Scotland. The samples were gathered from more than 77 plant genera in nurseries, gardens and amenity landscapes. Fifteen

different Phytophthora spp. were isolated and identified either by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or by sequencing of the ITS1, 5.8S subunit and ITS2 region of the ribosomal RNA gene. The most widespread Phytophthora spp. were P. ramorum and P. syringae, followed by P. cactorum, P. kernoviae, P. plurivora, P. cambivora, P. citrophthora, P. taxon ‘Pgchlamydo’, P. pseudosyringae and some single isolates of P. cinnamomi, P. cryptogea, P. gonapodyides, P. nicotianae and P. hibernalis. One isolate did not match any known species. In relation to the number of samples, Phytophthora was found more frequently in trade premises than in gardens or amenity landscapes Histidine ammonia-lyase and the species diversity was higher, highlighting the risks involved in plant trade. “
“Sequence analysis has shown that diseased wheat plants in Northern Germany were infected with the New York strain of soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV). This is in contrast to the only other confirmed site of SBWMV occurring in Germany, where a variant closely related to the Nebraska-type strain of SBWMV was found. The results indicate that there have been at least two separate introductions of SBWMV strains to Germany. A survey is required to study the actual distribution of SBWMV in Germany.