The ICQ values of the WGA/eGFP-PilACt staining pairs were 0.23 ± 0.06 (mean ± SD) in fruiting bodies, 0.21 ± 0.05 in trail structures and 0.14 ± 0.03 in biofilms, all of which were in the range of 0–0.5 for dependent staining (Li et al., 2004) and significantly different from 0 (random staining, Student’s t-test P < 0.01). Strain SW504 (ΔdifA) is defective in EPS production Tacrolimus in vivo due to a mutation in an EPS regulatory gene (Yang et al., 1998) and was used as an

negative control in our EPS-labeling assay. As SW504 lacks the ability to form starvation biofilms or fruiting bodies, its cell pellets were directly collected from liquid culture and counterstained selleck with Alexa 633-WGA and eGFP-PilACt. Both WGA and eGFP-PilACt failed to stain the cell pellets of SW504 (Fig. 3b). These results demonstrated that eGFP-PilACt specifically labels the EPS structures under native conditions in both fruiting bodies and biofilms. Consistent with the EPS precipitation results (Fig. 2), eGFP alone did not significantly label EPS structures in submerged biofilms and fruiting bodies formed by DK1622 (Fig. 3c) compared with eGFP-PilACt (Fig. 3a). This confirms that the PilACt domain is responsible for the EPS recognition and binding ability of the fusion protein. Thus,

the similarities between patterns of eGFP-PilACt Tolmetin and WGA binding are indicative of direct PilACt binding to the native EPS in biofilms, trails and fruiting bodies. Interestingly, when an elevated amount of WGA (1.5 μM) was added

to the fruiting bodies and biofilms pre-labeled with eGFP-PilACt, the green signals from eGFP-PilACt were reduced and dispersed (Fig. 3c). This result suggested a possible competition between eGFP-PilACt and WGA in binding with EPS. The lectin WGA selectively recognizes N-acetyl-glucosaminyl sugar residues (Wright, 1984); the sugar is one of the carbohydrates identified in the M. xanthus EPS (Behmlander & Dworkin, 1994; Li et al., 2003). Previous findings also showed that GlcNAc blocks TFP retraction and chitin (polymer of GlcNAc) triggers TFP retraction (Li et al., 2003). Therefore, it would appear that PilA of M. xanthus recognizes the GlcNAc moiety in M. xanthus EPS. Type IV pili and EPS are both important cell surface components for many pathogenic and nonpathogenic microbial organisms (Wall & Kaiser, 1999; Sutherland, 2001) and their interactions play pivotal roles in many of biological processes, e.g. motility, development and pathogenesis (Sheth et al., 1994; Li et al., 2003). In M. xanthus, the co-precipitation of sheared pili/pilin and EPS, as well as the triggering of TFP retraction by isolated EPS, indicate specific interactions between these two cell surface components (Li et al., 2003).