These differences should favour the binding of the IL-2 to cellular receptors. Consistent Wnt mutation with this idea, we found that the CTLL-2 cell line, an IL-2-dependent T-cell line which expresses high levels of the alpha chain characteristic of the high-affinity receptor (αβγ)

on activated T cells, can compete for the IL-2 released after cleavage of the fusion protein as seen in Figs 2–5. Given the attenuated bioactivity of the intact fusion protein in vitro, an important issue is whether the fusion proteins would have any biological activity in vivo. We examined the activity of a fusion protein on tumour growth on the omentum,32,38 a common site of intraperitoneal tumour growth and metastases. This model system has a number of features that make Ibrutinib ic50 it attractive for the initial testing

of the protease-activated cytokine strategy. The peritoneal cavity, particularly in the context of growing tumours, contains a number of immunosuppressive cells and factors often found at other tumour sites. However, there are also a variety of leucocytes in the peritoneal fluid as well as a number of immune aggregates or milky spots on the omentum, which function in many respects like lymph nodes. The milky spots are particularly intriguing because they contain organized collagen structures that appear to aid in tumour cell attachment and they are also highly vascular and pro-angiogenic, which promotes tumour cell growth.32,38 However, they also contain many immune effectors including macrophages, B cells, T cells and NK cells that in principle could be activated in an anti-tumour response (48 reviewed in ref. 32). Despite these immune cells, tumours

typically grow rapidly on the milky spots.38,49,50 Tumours growing on the omentum express high levels of MMPs as a result of their intrinsic production as well as contributions by host cells including macrophages. Hence, this experimental model of tumour metastases has a number of technical and conceptual features that make it amenable for testing the protease-activated cytokine strategy. We showed that the fusion protein significantly Dolutegravir reduced tumour growth on the omentum (Fig. 6) illustrating that it can have biological activity in vivo. Future studies are needed to determine the immune cells involved in the anti-tumour response as well as a variety of pharmacokinetic parameters including the maximum tolerated dose, optimal dosing regimen and potential immunogenicity. However, because the fusion protein is composed of IL-2, it is likely that it will function in many, although perhaps not all, respects like free IL-2, and activate NK and T cells. It remains to be determined how the fusion protein compares with free IL-2 in terms of efficacy.