typographus outbreak. Eventually, the weather conditions in subsequent years may be the factor deciding of the recurrence of damage from wind. The I. typographus population which is Selleck GSK872 in the progradation phase requires continuous and accurate monitoring of its numbers. Implications for conservation and

forest management This method may be employed in research models constructed on the basis of environmental variables (taking into account the I. typographus population density estimated on the basis of maternal galleries) used, for example, as a tool for assessing the risk of infestation of windfalls and attack on standing trees (Eriksson et al. 2005; Netherer and Nopp-Mayr 2005; Baier et al. 2007). The estimation of see more I. typographus population density requires counting of maternal galleries in individual stem sections of P. abies windfalls. In managed forests, trap trees may be used for this purpose, while in nature reserves and national parks

only windfalls should be used. The procedure for the estimation of the total density of infestation of selected sample stems requires debarking and counting of maternal galleries in a stem section situated between 2.5 and 3.0 m, or between 3.0 and 3.5 m, or between 8.0 and 8.5 m along the stem, measuring from the butt-end. This gives an estimation of I. typographus population size without the need to fell trees. In the authors’ opinion, such interference is acceptable under special permission, even in the strictly protected areas of nature reserves or national parks. In managed forests, Mdivi1 clinical trial conservation-oriented forestry is only gradually introduced and implemented. Conservation-oriented forestry aims to maintain intact populations of forest organisms by improving the conservation value of managed Thalidomide forests (Gibb et al. 2006a, b). In this situation, the question arises whether I. typographus should be treated as an undesirable element. In conservation-oriented forestry, the determination of the role of I. typographus in a specified time and area has an impact upon the basic and most important decision to be made:

whether to apply treatments that may reduce the population size of this insect species. But the answer to this question, as well as the determination of the method of anticipated pest control, the time of carrying protective treatments and the area subject to the treatments is possible only when accurate monitoring of the population dynamics of I. typographus is conducted. Therefore, in the case of I. typographus a continuous monitoring of the population of this bark beetle species should be consistently carried out. The proposed method for assessing the numbers of I. typographus can be used for accurate estimation of the population size of this bark beetle during monitoring. This method may supplement, in the specific situations, surveys applied in order to avoid the I. typographus outbreaks; for example, in P.