Urgent removal of the peritoneal dialysis catheter within 24 h is indicated when fungi are identified by microscopy or culture. Although no specific agent can be recommended for prophylaxis, oral nystatin may be preferred to fluconazole because of the risk of developing resistance to fluconazole with increased exposure. Prophylactic antifungals

should be administered before gynaecological procedures. No recommendation can be provided about specific treatment, duration of treatment, or timing for reinserting peritoneal dialysis catheters. Fungi species and their sensitivities should be identified to guide treatment choice. No recommendation possible based on Level I or II evidence. Effective antibiotic therapy is recommended IDH inhibitor for peritoneal dialysis catheter-related infection. Either intraperitoneal or oral antibiotics may be considered. Prophylactic therapy using mupirocin ointment, especially for S. aureus carriage (intranasally or at the exit site) is recommended to decrease the risk of S. aureus catheter exit Ibrutinib manufacturer site/tunnel infections and peritonitis (Evidence level I). Mupirocin prophylaxis

is also effective at preventing ESI because of non-Staphylococcal organisms (Evidence level I). There is variable practice as to when to start using prophylactic mupirocin, the site of administration, frequency and duration of treatment. In most of the published studies, nasal mupirocin ointment was applied twice daily for 5 consecutive days every 4 weeks during the trial. Alternatively, mupirocin ointment was applied to the exit site daily and continuously. We suggest cleaning the peritoneal dialysis catheter exit site daily and applying a topical antimicrobial agent (either mupirocin or gentamicin). KB received a consultancy from Fresenius Medical Care and an honorarium from Baxter for teaching at the PD Academy in 2013.

AW, CG, DM, MY, ML and JC have no relevant financial affiliations that would cause a conflict of interest according to the conflict of interest statement set down by KHA-CARI. “
“Apoptosis is one of the most important mechanisms underlying renal interstitial fibrosis. We identified Glycogen branching enzyme the role of protein Niban in apoptosis of tumour cells. The purpose of this study was to assess the expression of Niban in renal interstitial fibrosis of humans and rats. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect Niban in patients with obstructive nephropathy. Proteomics and gene array analysis were performed to screen different molecules involved in the pathophysiology of unilateral-ureteral obstruction rats. We confirmed Niban using immunohistochemistry and Western blot in renal cortex of UUO rats and HK-2 cells. TUNEL assay and flow cytometry revealed apoptosis of renal tubular cells. siRNA and overexpression plasmid were transfected specifically to study the possible function of Niban.