We studied the interaction between innate immune and adaptive immune cells, which was resulted from TH17 cells. The simulation results for the TH17 models are consistent with clinical data, which suggests that DC-IL23-TH17 axis might be the path of causing severe asthma. Our simulation studies support a role for TH17 in severe asthma, and hence it could be taken as a new target candidate for clinical treatment of severe asthma. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides insights into ventilatory, cardiac

and metabolic dysfunction in heart and lung diseases and might play a role in cardiac risk stratification in major depressive disorder (MDD).

Objective: The VENCO(2)-slope indicates ventilatory Gamma-secretase inhibitor efficiency and has been applied to stratify the cardiac risk in heart failure (HF). Therefore, the current study was conducted to evaluate and classify ventilatory efficiency and its relationship to physical fitness and disease severity in MOD.

Methods: Exhaustive incremental exercise testing was completed by 15 female MDD patients and pair matched controls. The ventilatory

threshold (VT) and the VE/VCO(2)-slope were assessed. Statistical analyses were conducted by means of MANOVAs and follow-up univariate ANOVAs.

Results: In patients with MDD, significant different relative work rates and oxygen uptakes at the VT in comparison to healthy controls were observed. Furthermore, we found an increased

for VENCO(2)-slope in depressed patients. We additionally report an inverse relationship between the VE/VCO(2)-slope and peak power output as well as peak oxygen uptake solely in patients. We did not observe any NSC23766 research buy association of assessed parameters with disease severity.

Conclusion: CPET measures indicate ventilatory inefficiency in patients with MOD. The elevated VE/VCO(2)-slope indicates that patients with MDD need to ventilate significantly more to a given amount of developing CO(2). Further investigations are needed to verify the application of the ventilatory classification system to stratify cardiovascular risk in depressive disorder. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“In order to assess whether caffeine and theophylline have the same potency and efficacy to reverse the impairment of motor function caused by acute or chronic interruption of striatal dopamine transmission, a comparison of their dose response relationship was made in the acute model of haloperidol-induced catalepsy, and the chronic model of unilateral lesion of the dopamine nigrostriatal pathway with 6-hydroxydopamine. At equimolar doses, both drugs reduced catalepsy intensity and increased its onset latency in a dose-dependent fashion, showing comparable potencies and attaining the maximal effect at similar doses. Catalepsy intensity: caffeine ED50 = 24.1 mu mol/kg [95% CI, 18.4-31.5]; theophylline ED50 = 22.0 mu mol/kg [95% CI, 17.0-28.4]. Catalepsy latency: caffeine E-50 = 27.