Women with nocturia >1 had a mean BWT of 5.6 mm, with nocturia <1 a mean BWT of 4.9 mm. Women with daytime frequency ABT 263 >7 had a mean BWT of 5.7 mm and those <7 had a mean BWT of 5.1 (P < 0.001). Women with a mean BWT of ≤ mm had a mean VAS score lower than women with

a BWT >5 mm (P < 0.001). They concluded that mean BWT implies the presence of OAB or urodynamic DO.91 Kuo HC et al. compared the differences of DWT and also urine nerve growth factor (NGF) levels between patients with OAB and controls to evaluate their suitability as potential biomarkers for OAB.92 Key results of this study documented that DWT decreased rapidly from empty bladder to a bladder volume of 250 mL and CHIR-99021 molecular weight slowly to the maximal bladder volume. DWT was not significantly different among subgroups at a 250 mL bladder volume. Although patients with OAB wet had a significantly greater DWT at the maximal bladder volume, this difference was not significant from controls

after correction of the volume factor. By contrast, urinary NGF levels were significantly increased in patients with OAB wet and those with urodynamic DO. A recent observational study by Lekskulchai and Dietz found a statistically significant correlation between DWT and DO, which indicated that patients with DO have a thicker DWT measured by translabial ultrasound.93 However, the low sensitivity based on ROC analysis concluded that DWT was not a useful diagnostic tool for DO, which contradicted to previously published study using a cut-off value of DWT.77,90 In published works regarding the measurements of DWT or BWT in men and women as a tool to confirm DO, as well as BOO, we found variable Idoxuridine findings. Most published data confirmed an increased DWT in men with

BOO compared with the controls.81,82,88 BWT tends to be greater in men than in women without LUTS; men with LUTS and benign prostatic enlargement show a moderate increase in BWT, and a small significant increase of BWT has been noted with age for both men and women.84 We postulate that the pathophysiology of OAB is complicated, especially in women. It is possible that some men with OAB or DO might have occult BOO, but most women with OAB or DO do not have BOO. This could explain why DWT of female OAB was not significantly increased compared with the controls. Although there were statistically significant differences in DWT at bladder capacity among OAB subgroups and controls, the differences of DWT or BWT between controls and OAB were small. We are not certain of the clinical significance of such a small difference in millimetersof thickness between the controls and patients with OAB or DO. Moreover, whether a small number of millimeters difference in thickness can be reproduced with repeated measurements by different investigators in different centers using different machines needs further investigation.